tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85106851115305328682024-03-19T09:46:55.188+01:00#News #Digest of #Pharmacy #WorldDigest of Pharmacy Blogs. Updated daily for YouTravelerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00692154716935212689noreply@blogger.comBlogger26922125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-65580909792078359422024-01-23T04:54:00.001+01:002024-01-23T04:54:13.237+01:00NIL Metalens array enabling next-generation true-3D near-eye displays<h2>NIL Metalens array enabling next-generation true-3D near-eye displays</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Integral imaging (II) display is one of the most promising near-eye displays (NEDs) due to its compact volume, full parallax, convenient full-color display, and, more importantly, true-3D and more realistic depth perception from eliminating the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). However, II displays based on the conventional optical architecture, such as microlens arrays, are limited in resolution, field of view, depth of field, etc. As micro-displays have increasingly higher pixel densities, conventional optical architecture is inadequate in pixel-level light manipulation. Meta-optics has the potential to break through these bottlenecks with its unprecedented flexibility in pixel-level light manipulation by a monolithic device. Meta-II display is expected to be a big step towards next-generation virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) by creating more immersive experiences.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/NIL-Metalens-array-enabling-next-generation-true-3D-near-eye-displays.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Diagrammatic drawing of meta-II NED." data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: by Zhi-Bin Fan, Yun-Fan Cheng, Ze-Ming Chen, Xia Liu, Wen-Long Lu, Shi-Hao Li, Shao-Ji Jiang, Zong Qin, Jian-Wen Dong</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Integral imaging (II) display is one of the most promising near-eye displays (NEDs) due to its compact volume, full parallax, convenient full-color display, and, more importantly, true-3D and more realistic depth perception from eliminating the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC). However, II displays based on the conventional optical architecture, such as microlens arrays, are limited in resolution, field of view, depth of field, etc. As micro-displays have increasingly higher pixel densities, conventional optical architecture is inadequate in pixel-level light manipulation. Meta-optics has the potential to break through these bottlenecks with its unprecedented flexibility in pixel-level light manipulation by a monolithic device. Meta-II display is expected to be a big step towards next-generation virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) by creating more immersive experiences.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify">However, some challenges must be overcome before the meta-II display can become mainstream in the field of NED. One challenge is that the metalens array, the critical component of a meta-II display, is too small to match commercial high-resolution micro-displays and their etendue due to the underdevelopment of large-area higher-precision nanofabrication technology. Another challenge is that the rendering is computationally expensive for high-resolution wearable NEDs because the elemental image array (EIA), the signal input into the meta-II display, must be calculated for every viewpoint and thus need GPUs to accelerate. Fortunately, recent advances in nanofabrication and II algorithms open the possibility of practical meta-II displays. The meta-II displays are expected to advance VR/AR displays as these challenges are overcome. They can revolutionize how people interact with these technologies and eventually become the standard for VR and AR displays.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">In a new paper published in <em>eLight</em>, a team of scientists led by Professor Jian-Wen Dong and Zong Qin from Sun Yat-sen University created a novel true-3D technical architecture called meta-II NED, first achieving the combination of meta-optics and II displays to the practical application of NED.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">The meta-II NED combines a commercial high-pixel-density micro-display and a large-area metalens array. The metalens array, with a minimum feature size of around 100 nm and a maximum nanostructure height of about 500 nm, is made of high-refractive-index nanoimprint glue and fabricated using high-precision large-area nanoimprint technology. Compared to electron beam lithography, nanoimprint technology can quickly replicate many metalens array samples, especially large-area samples. The low-cost, large-area nanoimprint fabrication process makes metalens arrays feasible for mass production. To match this convenient meta-II NED architecture, a new real-time rendering method was developed to quickly generate the EIA with an average frame rate of 67 FPS by exploiting the invariant voxel-pixel mapping. True-3D display was verified experimentally through monocular focus cues and motion parallaxes. A see-through effect of the meta-II NED module was realized by merging 3D images with surrounding objects, showing the broader potential of the meta-II display for AR.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">The research team has pioneered the development of true-3D NED with a combination of meta-optics and II displays. Note that the design flexibility of metalens arrays is promising for next-generation NEDs regarding several long-standing issues in conventional II architectures. For example, extended depth of field is vital for true-3D NEDs to present images from the person space to the vista space, whereas the microlens array induces a very limited depth of field. In contrast, a metalens array can be easily designed as a polarization multiplexing element with varying focal lengths to allow depth of field extension. In addition, the meta-II architecture provides a promising solution to increase the FOV for further study: freeform phase profiles that precisely compensate for the field-dependent aberration of conventional microlens arrays can be recorded in a slim metalens array. More importantly, both extened-depth-of-field and FOV-expanded meta-II architectures suffer from no cost in computational complexity and system volume compared with the meta-II proposed above. In general, metalens arrays are enabling next-generation true-3D near-eye displays.</p>
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<p>eLight</p>
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<p>10.1186/s43593-023-00055-1</p>
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<p>22-Jan-2024</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-26874260990020764152024-01-23T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-23T01:54:39.112+01:00UW researchers uncover news clues about the cause of common birth defects<h2>UW researchers uncover news clues about the cause of common birth defects</h2>
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<p style="text-align:center">MADISON, WI.– Cleft lip and palate are the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans, affecting more than 175,000 newborns around the world each year. Yet despite decades of research, it’s still not known what causes most cases or what can be done to prevent them. But a recent study from the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM) has uncovered new information about orofacial development in mice that researchers believe could one day help reduce the risk of these birth defects in humans.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/UW-researchers-uncover-news-clues-about-the-cause-of-common.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Composite2.tif" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: University of Wisconsin–Madison</p>
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<p style="text-align:center">MADISON, WI.– Cleft lip and palate are the most common craniofacial birth defects in humans, affecting more than 175,000 newborns around the world each year. Yet despite decades of research, it’s still not known what causes most cases or what can be done to prevent them. But a recent study from the University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM) has uncovered new information about orofacial development in mice that researchers believe could one day help reduce the risk of these birth defects in humans.</p>
<p>Published this week in the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> (<em>PNAS</em>) the study provides the first direct evidence of a mechanism called DNA methylation being required for craniofacial development. DNA methylation is a process where a group of molecules are added to DNA that change the expression of genes without actually altering the DNA sequence. It’s also affected by various environmental factors. The researchers discovered that disruption to DNA methylation interferes with development of the lip and palate and causes these birth defects in mice.</p>
<p>Led by Robert Lipinski, associate professor of comparative biosciences at the UW School of Veterinary Medicine, the research is an important step toward developing preventive strategies that could one day lessen the risk of cleft lip and palate, known collectively as orofacial clefts (OFCs), in both animals and humans.</p>
<p>“We knew from past research that genetics and the environment interact to cause these types of birth defects, but our understanding of the environmental component lagged far behind that of genetics.” says Lipinski. “Unlike genetics, we don’t have a permanent record of the prenatal environment that can be examined retrospectively, but connecting OFCs to DNA methylation helps narrow our focus on the particular environmental influences that modify the risk for these types of birth defects.”</p>
<p>His team’s work confirmed the essential role of DNA methylation in regulating orofacial development during embryonic development and demonstrates how disruptions to that process alter the ability of stem cells to form the connective tissue of craniofacial bone and cartilage, resulting in OFCs.</p>
<p>Lipinski and his team arrived at these results by first genetically manipulating DNA methylation in two separate groups of mouse embryos. The experiments resulted in seemingly contradictory results, with OFCs developing in one group of mice, but not the other. To understand why there was a difference between the groups, the team conducted another round of experiments in which they inhibited DNA methylation in mouse embryos at different stages of development. The timing of when DNA methylation occurs, was critical to the development of orofacial clefts.</p>
<p>They found that exposure on the 10th gestational day resulted in OFCs but administering the same inhibitor just 48 hours later resulted in normal orofacial development.</p>
<p>Identifying this narrow window of gestational sensitivity is important, Lipinski says, because it not only helps narrow the focus of the next stage of his team’s research but it will also help design future public education initiatives once more is known about the modifiable environmental and behavioral risk factors that impact OFC risk in humans. The 10<sup>th</sup> gestational day in mouse embryos corresponds with the beginning of the 5<sup>th</sup> week of embryonic development in humans–a stage at which many pregnancies may not yet be recognized.</p>
<p>“We know DNA methylation can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors, including maternal stress, diet, and exposure to drugs, toxins and environmental pollutants, and having a better understanding how orofacial development is regulated by environmentally sensitive mechanisms could directly inform birth defect prevention strategies,” he says. “This next phase of our team’s research is focused on identifying specific factors that influence DNA methylation during orofacial development and which could therefore alter OFC risk.”</p>
<p>Lipinski and his team are uniquely positioned to pursue this next stage of research because of another important outcome of the study: a new in vitro model the team developed. The model will allow them to rapidly screen thousands of dietary and environmental factors in a laboratory dish before testing the impact of specific factors on cleft susceptibility in mouse models.</p>
<p>The results in cell and animal models will help the researchers more quickly and accurately identify factors likely to be of consequence to human development[ETM1] .</p>
<p>Orofacial clefts of the upper lip and palate affect approximately 1 in 700 newborns, and individuals with OFCs navigate feeding difficulties as infants that require multiple surgeries, dental procedures, and speech therapy during childhood and adolescence. Studies have shown higher mortality rates at all stages of life for individuals with OFCs.</p>
<p> <em>This study was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health under award numbers R03DE027162, R56DE030917, RO1DE032710, U01 DK11807, and R01DK099328, and T32ES007015. Additional support was also provided by the University of Wisconsin Hilldale Undergraduate Research Award.</em></p>
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<p style="text-align:center"><em>Founded in 1983, the UW School of Veterinary Medicine provides outstanding programs in veterinary medical education, research, clinical practice, and service that enhance the health and welfare of both animals and people and contribute to the economic and environmental well-being of the state of Wisconsin, the nation and the world.</em></p>
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<p>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</p>
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<p>10.1073/pnas.231766812</p>
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<p>9-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-83816569569164244472024-01-22T06:55:00.001+01:002024-01-22T06:55:17.946+01:00Implement artificial neural network hardware systems by stacking them like “neuron-synapse-neuron” structural blocks<h2>Implement artificial neural network hardware systems by stacking them like “neuron-synapse-neuron” structural blocks</h2>
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<p>With the emergence of new industries such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and machine learning, the world’s leading companies are focusing on developing next-generation artificial intelligence semiconductors that can process vast amounts of data while consuming energy efficiently. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the human brain, is one of them. As a result, devices that mimic biological neurons and synapses are being developed one after another based on emerging materials and structures, but research on integrating individual devices into a system to verify and optimize them is still lacking. In order for large-scale artificial neural network hardware to become practical in the future, it is essential to integrate artificial neuron and synaptic devices, and it is necessary to reduce mass production costs and energy usage by fabricating devices with the same materials and structures.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Implement-artificial-neural-network-hardware-systems-by-stacking-them-like.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Experimental results of modulating the connection strength of front and back neurons by synaptic weights." data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)</p>
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<p>With the emergence of new industries such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and machine learning, the world’s leading companies are focusing on developing next-generation artificial intelligence semiconductors that can process vast amounts of data while consuming energy efficiently. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the human brain, is one of them. As a result, devices that mimic biological neurons and synapses are being developed one after another based on emerging materials and structures, but research on integrating individual devices into a system to verify and optimize them is still lacking. In order for large-scale artificial neural network hardware to become practical in the future, it is essential to integrate artificial neuron and synaptic devices, and it is necessary to reduce mass production costs and energy usage by fabricating devices with the same materials and structures.</p>
<p>A team led by Dr. Joon Young Kwak of the Center for Neuromorphic Engineering at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) announced that they have implemented an integrated element technology for artificial neuromorphic devices that can connect neurons and synapses like “Lego blocks” to construct large-scale artificial neural network hardware.</p>
<p>The team fabricated vertically stacked memristor devices using hBN, a two-dimensional material that is advantageous for high integration and ultra-low power implementation, to demonstrate biological neurons and synapses characteristics. Since the team designed artificial neuron and synaptic devices with the same material and the same structure, unlike conventional silicon CMOS-based artificial neural imitation devices with complex structures using multiple devices, the devices developed by the team have secured ease of process and network scalability, paving the way for the development of large-scale artificial neural network hardware.</p>
<p>By integrating and connecting the developed devices, the team also successfully implemented the “neuron-synapse-neuron” structure, the basic unit block of an artificial neural network, in hardware to demonstrate spike signal-based information transmission, which is how the human brain works. By experimentally verifying that the modulation of spike signal information between two neurons can be adjusted according to the synaptic weights of the artificial synaptic device, the researchers showed the potential of using hBN-based emerging devices for low-power, large-scale AI hardware systems.</p>
<p>“Artificial neural network hardware systems can be used to efficiently process vast amounts of data generated in real-life applications such as smart cities, healthcare, next-generation communications, weather forecasting, and autonomous vehicles,” said KIST’s Dr. Joon Young Kwak, explaining the significance of the research achievement. “It will help improve environmental issues such as carbon emissions by significantly reducing energy usage while exceeding the scaling limits of existing silicon CMOS-based devices.”</p>
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<p>KIST was established in 1966 as the first government-funded research institute in Korea. KIST now strives to solve national and social challenges and secure growth engines through leading and innovative research. For more information, please visit KIST’s website at https://eng.kist.re.kr/</p>
<p>The research was funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Minister Jong-Ho Lee)’s Next Generation Intelligent Semiconductor Technology Development (Device) Project (2021M3F3A2A01037738) and KIST’s Institutional Program and was published in the international journal Advanced Functional Materials (IF: 19.0, JCR(%): 4.2) online on November 5.</p>
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<p>Advanced Functional Materials</p>
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<p>10.1002/adfm.202309058</p>
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<p>Hardware Implementation of Network Connectivity Relationships Using 2D hBN-Based Artificial Neuron and Synaptic Devices</p>
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<p>5-Nov-2023</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-46973093630825972912024-01-22T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-22T01:54:35.454+01:00Slender shark: Study finds Megalodon was not like a gigantic great white shark<h2>Slender shark: Study finds Megalodon was not like a gigantic great white shark</h2>
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<p>CHICAGO — A new scientific study shows that the prehistoric gigantic shark, Megalodon or megatooth shark, which lived roughly 15-3.6 million years ago nearly worldwide, was a more slender shark than previous studies have suggested.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Slender-shark-Study-finds-Megalodon-was-not-like-a-gigantic.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Previous and new interpretations of Megalodon body form" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: DePaul University/Kenshu Shimada</p>
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<p>CHICAGO — A new scientific study shows that the prehistoric gigantic shark, Megalodon or megatooth shark, which lived roughly 15-3.6 million years ago nearly worldwide, was a more slender shark than previous studies have suggested.</p>
<p>Formally called <em>Otodus megalodon</em>, it is typically portrayed as a super-sized, monstrous shark in novels and sci-fi films, including “The Meg.” Previous studies suggest the shark likely reached lengths of at least 50 to 65 feet (15 to 20 meters). However, <em>O. megalodon</em> is largely known only from its teeth and vertebrae in the fossil record. Thus, the modern great white shark (<em>Carcharodon carcharias</em>) has traditionally been used as a model for the body form of <em>O. megalodon</em> in previous studies.</p>
<p>The new study published in the journal “Palaeontologia Electronica,” however, illuminates that <em>O. megalodon</em> had a body form that was more elongated than the modern great white shark. “The remarkably simple evidence that <em>O. megalodon</em> had a more slender body than the great white shark was hidden in plain sight,” said Kenshu Shimada, DePaul University paleobiology professor, a co-leader and the senior author of the new study.</p>
<p>A previously described, incomplete set of fossil vertebrae from an <em>O. megalodon</em> individual was reported to be 11.1 m in total combined vertebral length. However, the exact same fossil individual was estimated to be only 9.2 m in total length, including the head, in yet another previous study extrapolated from the quantitative relationship between the diameters of the largest vertebrae and body lengths measured from multiple modern great white sharks. “It was a ‘eureka-moment’ when our research team realized the discrepancy between the two previously published lengths for the same Megalodon specimen,” added Shimada.</p>
<p>“The new study strongly suggests that the body form of <em>O. megalodon</em> was not merely a larger version of the modern great white shark,” noted the other co-leader Phillip Sternes, who studied with Shimada and earned his master’s degree from DePaul. Sternes, the first author of the study, is now a Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Riverside.</p>
<p>“Even though it remains uncertain exactly how long the body of <em>O. megalodon</em> was elongated relative to the great white shark, this new finding marks a major scientific breakthrough in the quest to decipher what Megalodon looked like,” described Sternes.</p>
<p>The research team of the new study consists of 26 shark experts including Sternes and Shimada, representing 29 academic institutions around the globe, including the U.K., Austria, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, France and Australia, as well as the U.S. The international team also includes Jake Wood, who was also one of Shimada’s master’s students.</p>
<p>“Moving forward, any meaningful discussion about the body form of <em>O. megalodon</em> would require the discovery of at least one complete, or nearly complete, skeleton of the species in the fossil record,” noted Wood.</p>
<p>“Despite the major scientific advancement in our new study, the fact that we still don’t know exactly how <em>O. megalodon</em> looked keeps our imagination going,” Shimada said. “The continued mystery like this makes paleontology, the study of prehistoric life, a fascinating and exciting scientific field.”</p>
<p>The new study, “White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, <em>Otodus megalodon</em> (Lamniformes: Otodontidae),” will appear in the forthcoming issue of Palaeontologia Electronica, which will be freely available online at https://doi.org/10.26879/1345. It is authored by: Phillip Sternes, Patrick Jambura, Julia Türtscher, Jürgen Kriwet, Mikael Siversson, Iris Feichtinger, Gavin Naylor, Adam Summers, John Maisey, Taketeru Tomita, Joshua Moyer, Timothy Higham, João Paulo da Silva, Hugo Bornatowski, Douglas Long, Victor Perez, Alberto Collareta, Charlie Underwood, David Ward, Romain Vullo, Gerardo González-Barba, Harry Maisch IV, Michael Griffiths, Martin Becker, Jake Wood, and Kenshu Shimada. This work was partially supported by a U.S. National Science Foundation grant (Award Number 1830858) and DePaul University’s University Research Council Competitive Research Grant awarded to Kenshu Shimada.</p>
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<p>Palaeontologia Electronica</p>
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<p>10.26879/1345</p>
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<p>White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)</p>
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<p>22-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-53491909451263439402024-01-20T08:54:00.001+01:002024-01-20T08:54:55.319+01:00Scientists unravel key steps in the road to DNA repair<h2>Scientists unravel key steps in the road to DNA repair</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Tokyo, Japan – Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have been studying DNA repair by homologous recombination, where the RecA protein repairs breaks in double-stranded DNA by incorporating a dangling single-strand end into intact double strands, and repairing the break based on the undamaged sequence. They discovered that RecA finds where to put the single strand into the double helix without unwinding it by even a single turn. Their findings promise new directions in cancer research.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Scientists-unravel-key-steps-in-the-road-to-DNA-repair.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Models for homologous recombination by RecA." data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Tokyo Metropolitan University</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Tokyo, Japan – Researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University have been studying DNA repair by homologous recombination, where the RecA protein repairs breaks in double-stranded DNA by incorporating a dangling single-strand end into intact double strands, and repairing the break based on the undamaged sequence. They discovered that RecA finds where to put the single strand into the double helix without unwinding it by even a single turn. Their findings promise new directions in cancer research.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Homologous recombination (HR) is a ubiquitous biochemical process shared across all living things, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. As we go about our daily lives, our DNA is subjected to all kinds of environmental and internal stress, some of which can lead to breakage of both strands in the double helix. This can be disastrous, and lead to imminent cell death. Luckily, processes like HR are continuously repairing this damage.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">During HR, one of the two exposed ends of the break in the helix falls away, revealing an exposed single-stranded end; this is known as resection. Then, a protein known as RecA (or some equivalent) binds to the exposed single strand and an intact double strand nearby. Next, the protein “searches” for the same sequence. When it finds the right place, it recombines the single strand into the double helix in a process known as strand invasion. The broken DNA strand is subsequently repaired using the existing DNA as a template. HR enables accurate repair of double-strand breaks, as well as the exchange of genetic information, making it a key part of biodiversity. But the exact biochemical picture of HR, including what happens when RecA carries both the single and double strands, is not yet clear.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">A team led by Professor Kouji Hirota of Tokyo Metropolitan University has been studying DNA repair mechanisms like HR. In their most recent work, they sought to test two competing models for what happens when HR occurs. In one, RecA unwinds a section of the double strand during the “homology search,” where it tries to find the right place for strand invasion to occur. In the second, there is no unwinding after the binding of RecA; only when strand invasion takes place does any unwinding occur.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The team, in cooperation with a team from the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, adopted two approaches to tackle which of these actually happens. In the first, they used a mutant of RecA which cannot separate the double strands i.e. cannot unwind the strand, to see whether this affected DNA repair. It turns out that this has minimal effect. In the second, they tried to measure how much torsion was created in the strand at different stages of the process. They found that the only torsion due to unwinding they could detect occurred after the homology search was complete i.e. when strand invasion occurred. For the first time, the team clearly showed that the second model was correct.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Detailed insights into homologous recombination are vital to understanding what happens when things go wrong. For example, factors implicated in breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are also responsible for the correct loading of single-stranded DNA onto RAD51, the human version of RecA. This suggests that problems with HR might underlie high incidences of breast cancer in patients with hereditary defects in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The team hopes findings like theirs will lead to new directions for research into cancer.</p>
<p>This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP22K06335.</p>
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<p>Nucleic Acids Research</p>
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<p>10.1093/nar/gkad1260</p>
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<p>Homology recognition without double-stranded DNA-str and separ ation in D-loop f ormation b y RecA</p>
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<p>12-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-75776339709565972562024-01-19T07:54:00.001+01:002024-01-19T07:54:40.162+01:00New air purifier design with innovative foam technology promises virus-stopping performance and zero waste<h2>New air purifier design with innovative foam technology promises virus-stopping performance and zero waste</h2>
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<p>Researchers at the University of Bath have invented a new form of high-performance air purifier that promises zero harmful waste.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/New-air-purifier-design-with-innovative-foam-technology-promises-virus-stopping.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Professor Semali Perera with FOAM3R foam" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: University of Bath</p>
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<p>Researchers at the University of Bath have invented a new form of high-performance air purifier that promises zero harmful waste.</p>
<p>Key to the purifier and how it works is FOAM3R filter technology, patented by the University, which is described as a highly adaptable disruptor technology for microbial, CO<sub>2</sub> and volatile organic compound (VOC) odour removal.</p>
<p>FOAM3R can be used to produce multi-functional foam structures for a wide range of applications, including aircraft cabins, in-car air filters, ship and boat cabins, residential heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, home air purifiers and respirator and breathing apparatus.</p>
<p>The innovative foam comprises of high temperature polymer and active media such as selective adsorbents to capture contaminants and antibacterial agents to combat microbes. It is mouldable and lightweight, energy-efficient and anti-bacterial, and the addition of active metals into the structure makes it 99.999% efficient in removing common bacteria and viruses.</p>
<p>It also boasts a tailorable composition that allows for targeted capture of a wide range of small to large VOCs – some of which are responsible for unpleasant smells, while others can be harmful to human health – and high-performance removal of CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
<p>The home air purifier design, currently in the prototype stage, features two cylindrical columns of the FOAM3R material. During operation, one column is used to purify the air, while the other ‘regenerates’ for reuse through heating, restoring the foam’s sorbent properties.</p>
<p>The process also removes collected pollutants and dead microbial debris captured in the air through heating, and recovers volatile components through cooling and condensation, which are collected as a liquid that is safe to pour away.</p>
<p>FOAM3R is created in a simple one-step manufacturing process and can be shaped into a variety of form factors. It can also be retro-fitted into existing technology and is more energy efficient than comparable carbon-granule based air purification systems.</p>
<p>Professor Semali Perera, from Bath’s Department of Chemical Engineering, says the air purifier design and FOAM3R technology could present a breakthrough in air purification. She adds: “We have created a highly efficient design, with none of the disposable cartridges or waste that we see in many commercial air purifiers, so there are several benefits to what we’ve created.</p>
<p>“Our next step is to engage potential commercial partners with the requisite expertise to bring our invention to the market.”</p>
<p>The development team includes Prof Perera, Professor John Chew, Professor Barry Crittenden, Dr Ramya G, Dr Olivier Camus and Dr Stuart Scott.</p>
<p>The University of Bath research team is seeking partnerships to help develop the technology. Interested parties can contact Irene Henning, Technology Transfer Manager, at ih468@bath.ac.uk.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ENDS</p>
<p>Images are available at: http://tinyurl.com/5jn49ftm (credit: University of Bath)</p>
<p>For more information or to request interviews, contact Will McManus in the University of Bath press office at wem25@bath.ac.uk or on +44 (0)1225 385798.</p>
<p><strong>The University of Bath</strong> </p>
<p>The University of Bath is one of the UK’s leading universities for high-impact research with a reputation for excellence in education, student experience and graduate prospects. </p>
<p>We are named ‘University of the Year’ in The Times and The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2023, and ranked among the world’s top 10% of universities, placing 148th in the QS World University Rankings 2024. We are ranked 5th in the UK in the Complete University Guide 2024, 6th in the Guardian University Guide 2024 and 8th in The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2024. </p>
<p>Bath is rated in the world’s top 10 universities for sport in the QS World University Ranking by Subject 2023. We produce some of the world’s most job-ready graduates and were named University of the Year for Graduate Jobs by the Daily Mail University Guide 2024, as well as ranking as one of the world’s top 90 universities for employer reputation according to the QS World University Rankings 2024.</p>
<p>Research from Bath is helping to change the world for the better. Across the University’s three Faculties and School of Management, our research is making an impact in society, leading to low-carbon living, positive digital futures, and improved health and wellbeing. Find out all about our Research with Impact: https://www.bath.ac.uk/campaigns/research-with-impact/</p>
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Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-26106380994833365422024-01-19T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-19T01:54:26.066+01:00RCSI research shows new benefits of weight loss for type 2 diabetes<h2>RCSI research shows new benefits of weight loss for type 2 diabetes</h2>
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<p><strong>18 January 2024:</strong> Researchers in the School of Population Health at RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences have provided new evidence of the health benefits of weight loss efforts that lead to diabetes remission for type 2 diabetes patients. </p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RCSI-research-shows-new-benefits-of-weight-loss-for-type.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Professor Edward Gregg" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Maxwell Photography</p>
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<p><strong>18 January 2024:</strong> Researchers in the School of Population Health at RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences have provided new evidence of the health benefits of weight loss efforts that lead to diabetes remission for type 2 diabetes patients. </p>
<p>For participants in the weight-loss trial who were able to achieve remission i.e. reduce the need for medications and reduce their HbA1c levels (a measure of blood sugar control), the research found there was a 40% lower rate of cardiovascular disease and 33% lower rate of chronic kidney disease in this group. </p>
<p>While previous trials have shown that substantial weight loss using diet and lifestyle can reverse type 2 diabetes, the new research published in <em>Diabetologia</em> is among the first to show that reversal of diabetes, in turn, affects cardiovascular and kidney disease outcomes. The research was led by Professor Edward Gregg, Head of the RCSI School of Population Health. </p>
<p>The study called Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) monitored over 5,000 patients during a period of 12 years. The magnitude of risk reduction was greatest for participants with evidence of at least four years of remission. </p>
<p>“Using lessons learned from this study we can help inform diabetes treatment methods and improve quality of life for people with type 2 diabetes. It has highlighted the significance of weight loss for achieving remission from type 2 diabetes and then long-term positive cardiovascular and kidney disease outcomes” said Professor Gregg. </p>
<p>Over the course of the study, the effect intensive lifestyle intervention was compared with that of diabetes support and education on cardiovascular disease and other long-term health conditions. It was noted that although 18% of participants achieved remission at some point during follow-up, the percentage of participants with current remission had decreased to 3% by the 8th year of the study, underlining the challenges of keeping weight off using lifestyle interventions. </p>
<p>RCSI researchers collaborated on the study with colleagues Wake Forest University, Brown University and other study sites in the United States.</p>
<p><strong>ENDS </strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>For further information: </strong></p>
<p>Laura Anderson, Communications Officer, RCSI </p>
<p>087 199 0399/ lauraanderson@rcsi.ie </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>About RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences </strong></p>
<p>RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences is ranked first in the world for its contribution to UN Sustainable Development Goal 3, Good Health and Well-being, in the Times Higher Education (THE) University Impact Rankings 2023. </p>
<p>Exclusively focused on education and research to drive improvements in human health worldwide, RCSI is an international not-for-profit university, headquartered in Dublin. It is among the top 300 universities worldwide in the World University Rankings (2024). RCSI has been awarded Athena Swan Bronze accreditation for positive gender practice in higher education. </p>
<p>Founded in 1784 as the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) with national responsibility for training surgeons in Ireland, today RCSI is an innovative, world-leading international health sciences university and research institution offering education and training at undergraduate, postgraduate and professional level. </p>
<p>Visit the RCSI MyHealth Expert Directory to find the details of our experts across a range of healthcare issues and concerns. Recognising their responsibility to share their knowledge and discoveries to empower people with information that leads them to better health, these clinicians and researchers are willing to engage with the media in their area of expertise. </p>
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<p>Diabetologia</p>
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<p>10.1007/s00125-023-06048-6</p>
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<p>Impact of remission from type 2 diabetes on long‑term health outcomes: findings from the Look AHEAD study</p>
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<p>18-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-86824981841348509862024-01-18T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-18T01:54:40.934+01:00National award goes to Sandia Labs engineer<h2>National award goes to Sandia Labs engineer</h2>
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<p>ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Tony Garcia often reflects on his grandfather’s words: “Work hard and be good to people, and you’ll end up happy.”</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/National-award-goes-to-Sandia-Labs-engineer.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Sandia Labs engineer wins national award" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Photo by Craig Fritz</p>
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<p>ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — Tony Garcia often reflects on his grandfather’s words: “Work hard and be good to people, and you’ll end up happy.”</p>
<p>This simple principle has been Garcia’s beacon throughout his academic and professional journeys, and now has led to his recognition with a prestigious 2023 Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers STAR of Today award for technical achievement.</p>
<p>The STAR awards recognize individuals in STEM who are not only excelling in their fields but also making a significant impact through their work, research and community outreach.</p>
<p>“This is a really big deal for me,” Garcia said. “I strive to make a difference in my career and life while not standing out, so receiving this award feels both exciting and a little awkward. But I share this recognition with my colleagues because we’ve accomplished something together, which makes it even more meaningful.”</p>
<p>The grandson of immigrants, Garcia watched as the generations before him struggled to make ends meet. “My grandfather brought his young wife and four children from Chile to America in pursuit of the American dream,” Garcia said. “My mom was 8 years old before her first car ride.</p>
<p>“Eventually my dad went to college while working construction and earned a degree in computer science,” he said. But their struggles lingered, and Garcia’s parents urged him to seek job stability rather than advanced degrees, a sentiment shaped by their own experiences. “That was probably a byproduct of their young lives,” he said. “They were always very loving and supportive.”</p>
<p>However, Garcia’s determination led him to a doctorate in mechanical engineering at the University of New Mexico. His decision was strongly supported by his grandfather, who had been an engineer in Chile before fleeing political unrest.</p>
<p>“He really understood what I was going through,” Garcia said. “The sacrifices involved — the financial sacrifice, missed opportunities and a delayed career. He always encouraged me to pursue my education and acquire as much knowledge as possible. ‘Just continue getting your degree,’ he would say. ‘Keep improving your education. Learn as much as you can, and things will work out.’”</p>
<p>During his doctoral studies, Garcia seized an opportunity to intern at Sandia Labs, where he researched nuclear fuels. The experience not only helped shape his dissertation but also introduced him to Sandia’s team-science culture, dedicated to addressing vital national security missions. Garcia was inspired by the work of the team and found his calling in contributing to global security.</p>
<p>“It was a great fit,” he said. “This was a place I wanted to be. I love being a part of an effort to keep the world safe.”</p>
<p>Since joining Sandia in 2007, Garcia has played a pivotal role in developing concepts, advancing technologies, enhancing diagnostics, supporting production and resolving complex issues to address national security challenges. His responsibilities include creating test plans, procedures and reports; crafting project proposals and specifications; optimizing manufacturing processes and conducting statistical analyses of experimental data.</p>
<p>“It’s been a really rewarding journey, and I believe our team has accomplished a great deal for the Labs and the nation,” he said.</p>
<h3>Community connections</h3>
<p>While Garcia’s professional accomplishments are impressive, his personal commitment to community engagement is equally inspiring.</p>
<p>“As we gain levels of success, we must remember to look back and reach out to those who are coming up behind us,” he said. “It only takes a few key people at key moments in life to inspire a generation. We can have an enormous impact on the lives of others.”</p>
<p>As a UNM student, Garcia actively participated in a NASA training project, providing academic and financial support to underrepresented science students.</p>
<p>Currently, he volunteers for various STEM outreach programs, including through UNM’s Young Children’s Health Center. He develops STEM demonstrations for at-risk teens and leads STEM demonstrations for elementary school students. He also is part of Sandia’s working fathers mentoring group and a founding member of the St. Chad’s Episcopal Church Men’s Group, focusing on fellowship and communication skills for fathers of young children.</p>
<p>“I’m at a place in my life where I have the means to give back,” Garcia said. “I can show kids that no matter where they come from, they can achieve great things. Seeing somebody who looks like them and comes from a similar place can make anything seem possible. Do we want to miss the next Einstein because kids don’t believe they belong?”</p>
<p>Garcia emphasizes the value of organizations like the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers. “Through mentorship and activities, they guide young individuals in understanding what is expected of them and how to create and achieve their goals,” he said. “Diversity is so important. Innovation is fostered by bringing together people from different backgrounds, values and communication styles. In such an environment, we feel secure and empowered to be more innovative.</p>
<p>“It’s also fun to celebrate where you come from and what you love about who you are,” Garcia said.</p>
<p>Garcia’s recognition serves as a valuable reminder that success is not solely measured by personal accomplishments but also by the positive impact left on others. In the spirit of his grandfather’s wisdom, Garcia continues to inspire, embodying the belief that with dedication and kindness, one can truly find happiness in making a difference.</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-71418825598301278872024-01-18T00:54:00.001+01:002024-01-18T00:54:31.866+01:00Independent dispute resolution of no surprises act financially unviable for radiology<h2>Independent dispute resolution of no surprises act financially unviable for radiology</h2>
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<p><strong>Leesburg, VA, January 17, 2024</strong>—According to the <em>American Journal of Roentgenology</em> (<em>AJR</em>), the No Surprises Act’s (NSA) independent dispute resolution (IDR) process would be financially unfeasible for a large portion of out-of-network (OON) claims for hospital-based specialties—more so for radiologists than other specialists.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Independent-dispute-resolution-of-no-surprises-act-financially-unviable-for.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="0:02 / 6:02 Financial Viability of the No Surprises Act Independent Dispute Resolution Process" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: ARRS/AJR</p>
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<p><strong>Leesburg, VA, January 17, 2024</strong>—According to the <em>American Journal of Roentgenology</em> (<em>AJR</em>), the No Surprises Act’s (NSA) independent dispute resolution (IDR) process would be financially unfeasible for a large portion of out-of-network (OON) claims for hospital-based specialties—more so for radiologists than other specialists.</p>
<p>“Although the NSA enacted important patient protections, IDR fees limit clinicians’ opportunities to dispute payer-determined payments and potentially undermine their bargaining power in contract negotiations,” wrote <em>AJR</em> first author <strong>Eric W. Christensen</strong>, PhD, of the Neiman Health Policy Institute in Reston, VA. “Therefore, IDR rulemaking may negatively impact patient access to in-network care.”</p>
<p>Christensen et al.’s accepted manuscript extracted claims from Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database for hospital-based specialties occurring the same day as in-network emergency visits or inpatient stays (January 2017–December 2021). After identifying OON claims, claims were then batched via simulated IDR rules. Maximum potential recovered payments from the IDR process was estimated as the difference between charges and allowed amount. The percentage of claims for which the maximum potential payment, and one-quarter of this amount—a more realistic payment recovery estimate—would exceed IDR fees was determined, using $150 and $450 fee thresholds to approximate the range of final 2024 IDR fees. These values represented the percentage of OON claims that would be financially viable candidates for IDR submission.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the percentage of radiologists’ OON claims for which the maximum potential recovered payment exceeded fee thresholds of $150 and $450 (i.e., financial breakeven points for entering the NSA IDR process) was 55.0% and 32.1%, respectively; at payment of one-quarter of the maximum amount, these percentages were 26.9% and 10.6%, respectively.</p>
<p style="text-align:center"><em>Dr. Christensen discusses his research that assesses the fraction of out-of-network claims for which radiologists and other hospital-based specialists can expect to at least break even when challenging payer-determined payments through the No Surprises Act independent dispute resolution process, as a measure of the process’s financial viability</em><em>.</em></p>
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<p>North America’s first radiological society, the <strong>American Roentgen Ray Society</strong> (ARRS) remains dedicated to the advancement of medicine through the profession of medical imaging and its allied sciences. An international forum for progress in radiology since the discovery of the x-ray, ARRS maintains its mission of improving health through a community committed to advancing knowledge and skills with the world’s longest continuously published radiology journal—<strong><em>American Journal of Roentgenology</em></strong>—the ARRS Annual Meeting, <strong><em>InPractice</em></strong> magazine, topical symposia, myriad multimedia educational materials, as well as awarding scholarships via <strong>The Roentgen</strong> <strong>Fund</strong>®.</p>
<p><strong><u>MEDIA CONTACT</u></strong>:</p>
<p>Logan K. Young, PIO</p>
<p>44211 Slatestone Court</p>
<p>Leesburg, VA 20176</p>
<p><strong>lyoung@arrs.org</strong></p>
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<p>American Journal of Roentgenology</p>
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<p>10.2214/AJR.23.30687</p>
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<p>Financial Viability of the No Surprises Act Independent Dispute Resolution Process: Radiology and Other Hospital-Based Specialties</p>
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<p>17-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-51297133511644015512024-01-17T01:54:00.003+01:002024-01-17T01:54:58.716+01:00The surface knows what lies beneath: physicists show how to detect higher-order topological insulators<h2>The surface knows what lies beneath: physicists show how to detect higher-order topological insulators</h2>
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<p>Just like a book can’t be judged by its cover, a material can’t always be judged by its surface. But, for an elusive conjectured class of materials, physicists have now shown that the surface previously thought to be “featureless” holds an unmistakable signature that could lead to the first definitive observation.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-surface-knows-what-lies-beneath-physicists-show-how-to.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="HOTI" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: The Grainger College of Engineering at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</p>
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<p>Just like a book can’t be judged by its cover, a material can’t always be judged by its surface. But, for an elusive conjectured class of materials, physicists have now shown that the surface previously thought to be “featureless” holds an unmistakable signature that could lead to the first definitive observation.</p>
<p>Higher-order topological insulators, or HOTIs, have attracted attention for their ability to conduct electricity along one-dimensional lines on their surfaces, but this property is quite difficult to experimentally distinguish from other effects. By instead studying the interiors of these materials from a different perspective, a team of physicists has identified a surface signature that is unique to HOTIs that can determine how light reflects from their surfaces. As the team reports in the journal <em>Nature Communications,</em> this property could be used to experimentally confirm the existence of such topological states in real materials.</p>
<p>“The bulk or interior properties of HOTIs and other topological insulators have been discounted for a long time, but it turns out that a lot of interesting things are going on there as well,” said Barry Bradlyn, a physics professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and a project co-lead. “When we looked at the surfaces through a more careful lens, they immediately stood out as far from trivial or featureless.”</p>
<p>For a long time, topological insulators have been noted for their ability to carry electrical currents on their surfaces while having insulating interiors. HOTIs, though, would restrict electrical conduction to a one-dimensional edge, or “hinge,” rather than the entire two-dimensional surface.</p>
<p>“Charles Kane, who discovered topological insulators, introduced a good analogy,” said Benjamin Wieder, a faculty member at the Institut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay and project co-lead. “We can think of standard topological insulators as Hershey’s Kisses™. A conducting metal foil wrapped around an insulator that doesn’t conduct electricity, the chocolate in this case, is a pretty good way to understand them. With HOTIs, though, it’s as though someone took the foil and crumpled it into a thin ring encircling the chocolate.”</p>
<p>While surface conducting states have been observed in standard topological insulators, resolving the hinge in HOTIs has proven to be exceptionally difficult. Bradlyn explained that this property can only exist in material samples that have an unusually high degree of symmetry, meaning that their crystal structures must be unrealistically perfect.</p>
<p>Instead, Bradlyn and his collaborators turned their attention from the hinge state to the interior, where the electrons tend to “delocalize” from individual atoms and spread through the entire material. Unlike past studies that treat all electrons the same, the researchers considered differences in spin – a property of electrons that allows them to behave as miniature magnets.</p>
<p>“When we divided the interior electrons into their two possible spin states, up and down, we saw that each state leaves a unique surface signature,” said Kuan-Sen Lin, a physics graduate student at the U. of I. and the study’s lead author. “Even though the surface of a HOTI seems uninteresting, when you look at what each spin is separately doing on the surface, an unmistakable new behavior emerges that we hope will soon be measured in experiment.”</p>
<p>Because electrons with different spins behave as magnets, they respond differently when electric voltage is applied to the material, causing the two spin states to accumulate on opposite sides. This accumulation can be detected by taking advantage of the magneto-optic Kerr effect, in which the polarization, or orientation of the light, changes when it reflects from the surface of a magnet. In the case of HOTIs, the researchers calculated the polarization change from each spin state, and they found it to be exactly half the change that would result from an ordinary insulator.</p>
<p>“In the Kiss analogy, we might expect that, because the foil has been crumpled, the chocolate is in direct contact with the air,” said Gregory Fiete, a physics professor at Northeastern University and a corresponding author on the study. “With the spin-dependent surface behaviors we found, we can say that there is in fact a transparent layer that keeps the chocolate separate from the rest of the supermarket.”</p>
<p>By building on first-principles calculations with the specialized theoretical toolkit the researchers developed for this study, they identified the metal bismuth bromide as a very strong candidate for observing this effect. They are currently working with U. of I. physics professor Fahad Mahmood and U. of I. materials science & engineering professor Daniel Shoemaker to design and perform the experiments proposed in this study.</p>
<p>“The properties of HOTIs that we identified here would be very useful in quantum computing and spintronic devices, but we need to see them in experiment first,” Bradlyn said. Wieder added, “We hope that our work shows that the insides and surfaces of topological materials still host many mysterious and advantageous features if you know how to look for them.”</p>
<p>The article, “Spin-Resolved Topology and Partial Axion Angles in Three-Dimensional Insulators,” is available online. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44762-w</p>
<p>The first principles calculations on bismuth bromide were performed by Zhaopeng Guo and Zhijun Wang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</p>
<p>Additional computational support was provided by Jeremey Blackburn of Binghamton University.</p>
<p>Giandomenico Palumbo of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and Yoonseok Hwang of the U. of I. also contributed to this work.</p>
<p>Support was provided by the Center for Quantum Sensing and Quantum Materials, an Energy Frontier Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences; the European Union and European Research Council’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program; the National Science Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Air Force Office of Scientific Research; the Office of Naval Research; the National Natural Science Foundation of China; and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Nature Communications</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1038/s41467-024-44762-w</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Spin-Resolved Topology and Partial Axion Angles in Three-Dimensional Insulators</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2024</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-59316401580908396612024-01-17T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-17T01:54:57.980+01:00Tests can reveal whether an antibody can turn into a killer<h2>Tests can reveal whether an antibody can turn into a killer</h2>
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<p>What makes a soldier switch sides? That is a really good question. Especially when the soldier is an antibody that is supposed to defend the body against one of the world’s most dangerous snake venoms but instead ends up helping the venom kill the body.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tests-can-reveal-whether-an-antibody-can-turn-into-a.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Bothrops Asper" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Photo: Vanesa Zarzosa.</p>
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<p>What makes a soldier switch sides? That is a really good question. Especially when the soldier is an antibody that is supposed to defend the body against one of the world’s most dangerous snake venoms but instead ends up helping the venom kill the body.</p>
<p>The question has become topical after a group of DTU researchers slightly changed how they tested an antibody that had previously proven promising as an antidote to snake venom. In the first experiment on mice, the damaging effect on muscle tissue from the venom of Bothrops Asper, a Costa Rican lancehead snake, was neutralized as expected. But in the second experiment, the antibody enhanced the snake venom’s potency, so that it no longer just affected the muscle tissue, but ended up killing the mice.</p>
<p>When and how the antibody was administered made the difference between life and death. In the first experiment, snake venom and antibody were mixed together for 30 minutes before being injected into the muscle tissue of the mouse. This method is only slightly similar to treating a real snakebite. In the second experiment, the researchers simulated the usual real-world scenario, where antivenom is administered after a snakebite: First, they injected the poison into the muscle tissue of the mouse. Three minutes later, they injected the antibody into the mouse’s veins.</p>
<p>“The fact that the antibody amplifies the toxin when venom and antidote are administered in different ways is an incredibly interesting discovery from a research point of view,” says Postdoc Christoffer Vinther Sørensen from DTU, who was the one testing the antibody when the observation was made.</p>
<p>“This is a significant discovery we have arrived at,” says Professor Bruno Lomonte from the University of Costa Rica. Alongside his colleague, Professor Julián Fernández, he has collaborated with Christoffer Vinther Sørensen and his project supervisor at DTU, Professor Andreas Hougaard Laustsen-Kiel, for the past 4 years. They hope that the discovery will contribute to expediting the development of the next generation of antivenom, ensuring that many people in need can benefit from it sooner.</p>
<p>The discovery has just been published in the renowned scientific journa<em>l Nature Communications</em> in the paper Antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity of myotoxin II from Bothrops asper | <em>Nature Communications</em><em>.</em></p>
<h3>The first time ADET is observed in connection with animal venoms.</h3>
<p>The phenomenon, which the researchers have observed, is known as antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity (ADET) and has not previously been observed in connection with toxins from the animal world and it remains a mystery in most areas. For example, scientists do not know how an antibody designed to combat venom can switch sides and instead intensify the toxins’ attacks on the body.</p>
<p>“We haven’t figured out how this happens, but it helps to identify another important aspect that should be tested when working with antibodies,” says Christoffer Vinther Sørensen.</p>
<p>His research project is part of international research work aimed at finding a broad-spectrum antivenom based on human antibodies that can be used as treatment against the world’s most dangerous snake venoms.</p>
<p>“Antibodies can fail in many ways. By mapping these ways, we and other antidote researchers in the future can ensure that promising antibodies are tested as soon as possible in the most essential experiments. We hope that this allows us to discard antibodies that are not optimal and quickly arrive at a final antivenom that can neutralize the world’s most dangerous snake venoms,” says Christoffer Vinther Sørensen and adds:</p>
<p>“While we don’t know why a ‘soldier’ switches sides, we now know that it’s something to keep an eye on, even with our close friends, the antibodies.”</p>
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<p><strong>FACTS</strong></p>
<h3><strong>ADET</strong></h3>
<h3>– A complicated phenomenon</h3>
<p>ADET, antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity, is an immunological phenomenon similar to the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement, ADE, which is already the subject of intense research. </p>
<p>ADE is best known from viral infections, where it can occur when antibodies from a previous infection with a particular virus bind to a new strain of the same virus or to a related virus, but do not neutralize it. This non-neutralising binding may then, in some cases, enhance the harmful effect of the virus, for example by making it easier for the virus to penetrate the body’s cells.</p>
<p>Antibodies play a crucial role in the body’s defense against pathogens. They are produced in the immune system and bind to bacteria, viruses, or toxins, preventing them from developing, penetrating the nerve pathways, or exerting their toxic effects.</p>
<p><strong>NEW GENERATION OF ANTIDOTES</strong></p>
<h3>More than 100,000 people die annually from snakebites</h3>
<p>In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) added snakebites to the list of neglected tropical diseases. Every year, 5.4 million people are bitten by snakes. Most happen in poor areas of the world where there is no viable market for pharmaceutical companies. Approximately 100,000 die from snakebites yearly, while three times as many are permanently disabled.</p>
<p>An international group of researchers, led by Professor Andreas Hougaard Laustsen-Kiel from DTU, is working to develop a new generation of broad-spectrum antivenoms that are effective against many snake species. The group aims to base antidotes on antibodies compatible with the human immune system and can eventually be cultivated in cell tanks.</p>
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<p>Nature Communications</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1038/s41467-023-42624-5</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Antibody-dependent enhancement of toxicity of myotoxin II from Bothrops asper</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2024</p>
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<h4>COI Statement</h4>
<p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-54066245703521910542024-01-16T13:54:00.001+01:002024-01-16T13:54:40.768+01:00Manipulating polyamines to enhance antibody efficacy: A novel approach in biotechnology<h2>Manipulating polyamines to enhance antibody efficacy: A novel approach in biotechnology</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-designed proteins that mimic the immune system’s antibodies. To date, many therapeutic mAbs belonging to the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class of antibodies, have been approved for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell lines such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are generally used to produce mAbs. Notably, the production and manufacture of mAbs are regulated by critical quality attributes (CQAs) to ensure their safety and efficacy in treatment.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Manipulating-polyamines-to-enhance-antibody-efficacy-A-novel-approach-in.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Effect of polyamines on the N-glycan structures of antibodies" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Kyohei Higashi from Tokyo University of Science</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-designed proteins that mimic the immune system’s antibodies. To date, many therapeutic mAbs belonging to the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class of antibodies, have been approved for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell lines such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are generally used to produce mAbs. Notably, the production and manufacture of mAbs are regulated by critical quality attributes (CQAs) to ensure their safety and efficacy in treatment.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">An important CQA for mAbs is the <em>N</em>-linked glycosylation present at a specific position (Asn297). <em>N</em>-linked glycans consist of <em>N</em>-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), mannose (Man), fucose (Fuc), galactose (Gal), and sialic acid. The heterogeneity of the <em>N</em>-linked glycan profiles of mAbs can be attributed to the different numbers and linkages of additional saccharides. The composition of <em>N</em>-linked glycans affects the overall therapeutic efficacy, targeting ability, and immune-specificity of these antibodies. For example, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is influenced by the fucosylation and galactosylation of <em>N</em>-linked glycans. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is also affected by the galactosylation and sialylation of <em>N</em>-linked glycans. Hence, it’s crucial to meticulously regulate <em>N</em>-linked glycan profiles throughout the manufacturing process because the heterogeneity of the <em>N</em>-linked glycan profile of mAbs depends on the cell culture duration and changes in nucleotide sugars and glycosylation enzyme levels.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Recently, Dr. Kyohei Higashi, Associate Professor at Tokyo University of Science (TUS) in Japan, along with a team of researchers including Dr. Rin Miyajima and Dr. Masahiro Komeno, conducted a study to explore the effects of polyamines on <em>N</em>-linked glycan profiles of mAbs in CHO DP-12 cells. Their work was made available online on November 3, 2023 in the <em>Journal of Biotechnology</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><em>“Because the carbohydrate structure of mAbs changes depending on the state of the cells, we were interested in investigating the relationship between intracellular polyamines and the carbohydrate structure of mAbs from CHO cells.”</em> explained Dr. Higashi, when asked about the motivation behind the research.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Polyamines (putrescine, PUT; spermidine, SPD; and spermine, SPM) are present in millimolar concentrations in all living organisms and play essential roles in normal cell growth and differentiation. PUT, SPD, and SPM contained two, three, and four amino groups, respectively. PUT is synthesized from ornithine (ORN) by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis pathway. SPD is synthesized from putrescine by spermidine synthase, and spermine is synthesized from spermidine by spermine synthase. Intracellular polyamine levels are regulated at various steps, including synthesis, degradation, and transport, and are affected by external stimuli, aging, and diseases. Because CHO cells lack arginase activity to produce ORN from arginine, they cannot produce polyamines in serum-free media, resulting in a decrease in intracellular polyamine levels, which causes a low growth rate and cell viability during long-term cultivation.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Intracellular polyamine levels can also be decreased by treatment with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ODC. The depletion of intracellular polyamines by DFMO can be reversed by the addition of SPD to the growth media of CHO cells.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Upon introducing DFMO to the CHO cells, the team observed that IgG antibody galactosylation surged, along with an increase in the levels of β1,4-galactosyl transferase 1 (B4GALT1) mRNA. This mRNA is pivotal in governing the IgG galactosylation mechanism within CHO cells. What’s more, IgG production decreased by approximately 30% in DFMO-treated cells.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Dr. Higashi hypothesized that the decrease in IgG production was a result of endoplasmic stress (ER) stress response caused by polyamine depletion. During ER stress response, protein folding ceases, resulting in the arrest of the normal function of cells. Chaperone proteins assist in the correct folding of other protein classes and play a crucial role under both normal and stress conditions. The results of the ER stress response study confirmed the increased expression levels of chaperones for glycoprotein folding, in polyamine-depleted cells.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The team further observed that upon using tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer inhibiting <em>N</em>-glycosylation, ER stress from polyamine depletion triggered B4GALT1 mRNA expression, increasing IgG galactosylation in CHO cells.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The ability to maintain antibody glycosylation profiles via polyamine modulation has numerous implications. Controlled glycosylation is crucial for optimizing therapeutic proteins, such as antibodies, ensuring the stable production of antibodies in a uniform manner of biological activities, and potentially decreasing the manufacturing cost. Supplementation of polyamine could be accomplished by the addition only of SPD to serum-free medium, offer an easy and costless method to maintain the glycan structure of mAbs produced by CHO cells cultured in the serum-free medium. This insight might influence cell line development and bioproduction, facilitating the creation of biosimilars.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><em>“Introducing polyamines, particularly SPD, to serum-free culture medium for CHO cells may contribute to consistent manufacturing and quality control of antibody production. We hope that this research will contribute to the stable production of antibody drugs and lead to lower drug prices”</em> concludes Dr. Higashi.</p>
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<p style="text-align:center">***</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Reference </strong></p>
<p>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.008</p>
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<p><strong>About The Tokyo University of Science</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Tokyo University of Science (TUS) is a well-known and respected university, and the largest science-specialized private research university in Japan, with four campuses in central Tokyo and its suburbs and in Hokkaido. Established in 1881, the university has continually contributed to Japan’s development in science through inculcating the love for science in researchers, technicians, and educators.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">With a mission of “Creating science and technology for the harmonious development of nature, human beings, and society,” TUS has undertaken a wide range of research from basic to applied science. TUS has embraced a multidisciplinary approach to research and undertaken intensive study in some of today’s most vital fields. TUS is a meritocracy where the best in science is recognized and nurtured. It is the only private university in Japan that has produced a Nobel Prize winner and the only private university in Asia to produce Nobel Prize winners within the natural sciences field.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Website: https://www.tus.ac.jp/en/mediarelations/</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p><strong>About Dr. Kyohei Higashi</strong> <strong>from Tokyo University of Science</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Dr. Kyohei Higashi is an Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Japan. He completed his Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences from Chiba University, Japan. Over the last two decades, he has published 90 research articles, which have been cited more than 1,800 times. His research explores physical pharmacy and clinical and analytical biochemistry, with a focus on polyamines and glycosaminoglycans. He is also active in the research areas of molecular biology, cell biology, and molecular genetics. He recently received the Carbohydrate Research JSCR42 Poster Award.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Funding Information</strong></p>
<p>This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (No. 18K06652) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to Associate Professor Dr. Kyohei Higashi.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Journal of Biotechnology</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.10.008</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<h4>Subject of Research</h4>
<p>Cells</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Intracellular polyamine depletion induces N-linked galactosylation of the monoclonal antibody produced by CHO DP-12 cells</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>3-Nov-2023</p>
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<h4>COI Statement</h4>
<p>The authors declare no competing financial interest</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-21090885021357833802024-01-16T12:54:00.003+01:002024-01-16T12:54:47.118+01:00Advancement in thermoelectricity could light up the Internet of Things<h2>Advancement in thermoelectricity could light up the Internet of Things</h2>
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<p>Osaka, Japan – Imagine stoplights and cars communicating with each other to optimize the flow of traffic. This isn’t science fiction – it’s the Internet of Things (IoT), i.e., objects that sense their surroundings and respond via the internet. As the global population rises and such technologies continue to develop, you might wonder – what will power this digital world of tomorrow?</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advancement-in-thermoelectricity-could-light-up-the-Internet-of-Things.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Fig." data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Yoshiaki Nakamura</p>
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<p>Osaka, Japan – Imagine stoplights and cars communicating with each other to optimize the flow of traffic. This isn’t science fiction – it’s the Internet of Things (IoT), i.e., objects that sense their surroundings and respond via the internet. As the global population rises and such technologies continue to develop, you might wonder – what will power this digital world of tomorrow?</p>
<p>Wind, solar, yes. Something all around us might not immediately come to mind though – heat. Now, in a study recently published in <em>Nature Communications</em>, a multi-institutional research team including Osaka University has unveiled a breakthrough in clean energy: greatly improved thermoelectric conversion. One of its many potential applications? That’s right, the IoT.</p>
<p>Large-scale, global integration of the IoT is limited by the lack of a suitable energy supply. Realistically, an energy supply for the IoT must be local and small scale. Miniaturization of thermoelectric conversion can help solve this energy-supply problem by applying the otherwise wasted heat from microelectronics as a source of electricity. However, for practical applications, the efficiency of current thermoelectric-energy conversion is insufficient. Improving this efficiency was the goal of the research team’s study.</p>
<p>“In our work, we demonstrate a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) system with multiple subbands that uses gallium arsenide. The system is different from conventional methods of thermoelectric conversion,” explain Yuto Uematsu and Yoshiaki Nakamura, lead and senior authors of the study. “Our system facilitates better conversion from temperature (heat) to electricity, and improves the mobility of electrons in their 2D sheet. This readily benefits everyday devices like semiconductors.”</p>
<p>Incredibly, the researchers were able to improve the power factor of thermoelectric conversion by a factor of 4 compared with conventional 2DEG systems. Other technologies like resonant scattering have not been as efficient for thermoelectric conversion.</p>
<p>The team’s findings could open the way to a sustainable power source for the IoT. Thin thermoelectric films on substrates made of gallium arsenide would be suitable for IoT application. For example, these could power environmental monitoring systems in remote locations or wearable devices for medical monitoring.</p>
<p>“We’re excited because we have expanded upon the principles of a process that is crucial to clean energy and the development of a sustainable IoT,” says Yoshiaki Nakamura, senior author. “What’s more, our methodology can be applied to any element-based material; the practical applications are far reaching.”</p>
<p>This work is an important step forward in maximizing the utility of thermoelectric power generation in modern microelectronics and is especially suitable for the IoT. As the results are not limited to gallium arsenide, further advancements to the system are possible, with sustainability and the IoT potentially benefitting greatly.</p>
<p> </p>
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<p>The article, “Anomalous enhancement of thermoelectric power factor in multiple two-dimensional electron gas system,” was published in <em>Nature Communications</em> at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44165-3</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>About Osaka University</strong><br />
Osaka University was founded in 1931 as one of the seven imperial universities of Japan and is now one of Japan’s leading comprehensive universities with a broad disciplinary spectrum. This strength is coupled with a singular drive for innovation that extends throughout the scientific process, from fundamental research to the creation of applied technology with positive economic impacts. Its commitment to innovation has been recognized in Japan and around the world, being named Japan’s most innovative university in 2015 (Reuters 2015 Top 100) and one of the most innovative institutions in the world in 2017 (Innovative Universities and the Nature Index Innovation 2017). Now, Osaka University is leveraging its role as a Designated National University Corporation selected by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to contribute to innovation for human welfare, sustainable development of society, and social transformation.<br />
Website: https://resou.osaka-u.ac.jp/en</p>
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<p>Nature Communications</p>
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<p>10.1038/s41467-023-44165-3</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Anomalous enhancement of thermoelectric power factor in multiple two-dimensional electron gas system</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2024</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-71413274055726715092024-01-16T12:54:00.001+01:002024-01-16T12:54:46.521+01:00Largest-ever study of ocean DNA has created essential catalog of marine life<h2>Largest-ever study of ocean DNA has created essential catalog of marine life</h2>
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<p>The ocean is the world’s largest habitat, yet much of its biodiversity is still unknown. A study published in <em>Frontiers in Science</em> marks a significant breakthrough, reporting the largest and most comprehensive database of marine microbes to date – matched with biological function, location, and habitat type. </p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Largest-ever-study-of-ocean-DNA-has-created-essential-catalog-of.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="The KMAP Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 is the largest database of marine microbes to date" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: The KMAP Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 is the largest database of marine microbes to date</p>
<div class="entry">
<p>The ocean is the world’s largest habitat, yet much of its biodiversity is still unknown. A study published in <em>Frontiers in Science</em> marks a significant breakthrough, reporting the largest and most comprehensive database of marine microbes to date – matched with biological function, location, and habitat type. </p>
<p>“The KMAP Global Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 is a leap toward understanding the ocean’s full diversity, containing more than 317 million gene groups from marine organisms around the world,” said lead author Elisa Laiolo of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia. “The catalog focuses on marine microbes, which greatly impact human lives through their influence on the ocean’s health and the Earth’s climate.” </p>
<p>“The catalog is freely available through the KAUST Metagenomic Analysis Platform (KMAP),” added the study’s senior author, Prof Carlos Duarte, a faculty member at KAUST. “Scientists can access the catalog remotely to investigate how different ocean ecosystems work, track the impact of pollution and global warming, and search for biotechnology applications such as new antibiotics or new ways to break down plastics – the possibilities are endless!” </p>
<h3><strong>A feat of technological innovation and scientific collaboration </strong></h3>
<p>Researchers have been mapping marine biodiversity for hundreds of years, but faced various challenges to creating a full atlas of ocean life. One is that most marine organisms cannot be studied in a laboratory. The advent of DNA sequencing technologies overcame this by allowing organisms to be identified directly from ocean water and sediments. </p>
<p>“Since each species has its own set of genes, we can identify which organisms are in an ocean sample by analyzing its genetic material,” Laiolo explained. “Two technological advances have made this possible at scale. </p>
<p>“The first is the enormous increase in speed, and decrease in cost, of DNA sequencing technologies. This has allowed researchers to sequence all the genetic material in thousands of ocean samples.” </p>
<p>“The second is the development of massive computational power and AI technologies, which make it possible to analyze these millions of sequences.” </p>
<p>The team used KMAP to scan DNA sequences from 2,102 ocean samples taken at different depths and locations around the world. This advanced computing infrastructure identified 317.5 million gene groups, of which more than half could be classified according to organism type and gene function. By matching this information with the sample location and habitat type, the resulting catalog provides unprecedented information on which microbes live where and what they do. </p>
<p>“This achievement reflects the critical importance of open science,” said Duarte. “Building the catalog was only possible thanks to ambitious global sailing expeditions where the samples were collected and the sharing of the samples’ DNA in the open-access European Nucleotide Archive. We are continuing these collaborative efforts by making the catalog freely available.” </p>
<h3><strong>A wealth of scientific and industrial applications </strong></h3>
<p>The catalog has already revealed a difference in microbial activity in the water column and ocean floor, as well as a surprising number of fungi living in the ‘twilight’ mesopelagic zone. These and other insights will help scientists understand how microbes living in different habitats shape ecosystems, contribute to ocean health, and influence the climate. </p>
<p>The catalog also serves as a baseline for tracking the effect of human impacts like pollution and global warming on marine life. And it offers a wealth of genetic material that researchers can scan for novel genes that could be used for drug development, energy, and agriculture. </p>
<h3><strong>Toward a global ocean genome </strong></h3>
<p>The KMAP Ocean Gene Catalog 1.0 is a first step towards developing an atlas of the global ocean genome, which will document every gene from every marine species worldwide – from bacteria and fungi to plants and animals. </p>
<p>“Our analysis highlights the need to continue sampling the oceans, focusing on areas that are under-studied, such as the deep sea and the ocean floor. Also, since the ocean is forever changing – both due to human activity and to natural processes – the catalog will need continual updating,” said Laiolo. </p>
<p>Duarte cautions that despite its clear benefit, the future of the catalog is uncertain. A major obstacle is the status of international legislation on benefit-sharing from discoveries made in international waters. </p>
<p>“While the 2023 Treaty of the High Seas offers some solutions, it may inadvertently impede research by reducing incentives for companies and governments to invest. Such uncertainty must be resolved now we have reached the point where genetic and artificial intelligence technologies could unlock unprecedented innovation and progress in blue biotechnology,” he concluded.</p>
<p>The article is part of a <em>Frontiers in Science</em> multimedia article hub featuring an explainer as well as an editorial, viewpoint, and policy outlook from other eminent experts: Prof Enric Sala (National Geographic Society, USA), Prof Andreas Teske (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA), and Peggy Rodgers Kalas (International Ocean Policy Advisor to the Oceano Azul Foundation, and former Director of the High Seas Alliance). </p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Frontiers in Science</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.3389/fsci.2023.1038696</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Data/statistical analysis</p>
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<h4>Subject of Research</h4>
<p>Animals</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Metagenomic probing toward an atlas of the taxonomic and metabolic foundations of the global ocean genome</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2024</p>
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<h4>COI Statement</h4>
<p>The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor BB declared a shared consortium IMG/M Data Consortium with the author SA at the time of review. The authors IA, SA, TG, CD declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-53945628196795526512024-01-16T01:55:00.001+01:002024-01-16T01:55:03.992+01:00Astronomers produce most sensitive radio image ever of ancient star cluster<h2>Astronomers produce most sensitive radio image ever of ancient star cluster</h2>
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<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Astronomers-produce-most-sensitive-radio-image-ever-of-ancient-star.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="47 Tuc radio source" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Credit: Paduano et al.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>The Astrophysical Journal</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Meta-analysis</p>
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<h4>Subject of Research</h4>
<p>Not applicable</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Ultra-deep ATCA imaging of 47 Tucanae reveals a central compact radio source</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2024</p>
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</div>
</div>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-22050837971121494432024-01-15T11:54:00.003+01:002024-01-15T11:54:51.168+01:00Water molecule discovery contradicts textbook models<h2>Water molecule discovery contradicts textbook models</h2>
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<p>Textbook models will need to be re-drawn after a team of researchers found that water molecules at the surface of salt water are organised differently than previously thought.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Water-molecule-discovery-contradicts-textbook-models.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Water molecule discovery contradicts textbook models" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Yair Lipman</p>
<div class="entry">
<p>Textbook models will need to be re-drawn after a team of researchers found that water molecules at the surface of salt water are organised differently than previously thought.</p>
<p>Many important reactions related to climate and environmental processes take place where water molecules interface with air. For example, the evaporation of ocean water plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and climate science. Understanding these reactions is crucial to efforts to mitigate the human effect on our planet.</p>
<p>The distribution of ions at the interface of air and water can affect atmospheric processes. However, a precise understanding of the microscopic reactions at these important interfaces has so far been intensely debated.</p>
<p>In a paper published today in the journal <em>Nature Chemistry</em>, researchers from the University of Cambridge and the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Germany show that ions and water molecules at the surface of most salt-water solutions, known as electrolyte solutions, are organised in a completely different way than traditionally understood. This could lead to better atmospheric chemistry models and other applications.</p>
<p><strong>Technique</strong></p>
<p>The researchers set out to study how water molecules are affected by the distribution of ions at the exact point where air and water meet. Traditionally, this has been done with a technique called vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG). With this laser radiation technique, it is possible to measure molecular vibrations directly at these key interfaces. However, although the strength of the signals can be measured, the technique does not measure whether the signals are positive or negative, which has made it difficult to interpret findings in the past. Additionally, using experimental data alone can give ambiguous results.</p>
<p>The team overcame these challenges by utilising a more sophisticated form of VSFG, called heterodyne-detected (HD)-VSFG, to study different electrolyte solutions. They then developed advanced computer models to simulate the interfaces in different scenarios.</p>
<p>The combined results showed that both positively charged ions, called cations, and negatively charged ions, called anions, are depleted from the water/air interface. The cations and anions of simple electrolytes orient water molecules in both up- and down-orientation. This is a reversal of textbook models, which teach that ions form an electrical double layer and orient water molecules in only one direction.</p>
<p>Co-first author Dr Yair Litman, from the Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, said: “Our work demonstrates that the surface of simple electrolyte solutions has a different ion distribution than previously thought and that the ion-enriched subsurface determines how the interface is organised: at the very top there are a few layers of pure water, then an ion-rich layer, then finally the bulk salt solution.”</p>
<p>Co-first author Dr Kuo-Yang Chiang of the Max Planck Institute said: “This paper shows that combining high-level HD-VSFG with simulations is an invaluable tool that will contribute to the molecular-level understanding of liquid interfaces.”</p>
<p>Professor Mischa Bonn, who heads the Molecular Spectroscopy department of the Max Planck Institute, added: “These types of interfaces occur everywhere on the planet, so studying them not only helps our fundamental understanding but can also lead to better devices and technologies. We are applying these same methods to study solid/liquid interfaces, which could have potential applications in batteries and energy storage.”</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Nature Chemistry</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1038/s41557-023-01416-6</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Surface stratification determines the interfacial water structure of simple electrolyte solutions</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>15-Jan-2024</p>
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from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-92006051429701885582024-01-15T11:54:00.001+01:002024-01-15T11:54:50.421+01:00Bladder tumors reduced by 90% using nanorobots<h2>Bladder tumors reduced by 90% using nanorobots</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Bladder cancer has one of the highest incidence rates in the world and ranks as the fourth most common tumour in men. Despite its relatively low mortality rate, nearly half of bladder tumours resurface within 5 years, requiring ongoing patient monitoring. Frequent hospital visits and the need for repeat treatments contribute to making this type of cancer one of the most expensive to cure.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Bladder-tumors-reduced-by-90-using-nanorobots.webp?ssl=1" alt="1_Nanorrobots" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)</p>
<div class="entry">
<p style="text-align:justify">Bladder cancer has one of the highest incidence rates in the world and ranks as the fourth most common tumour in men. Despite its relatively low mortality rate, nearly half of bladder tumours resurface within 5 years, requiring ongoing patient monitoring. Frequent hospital visits and the need for repeat treatments contribute to making this type of cancer one of the most expensive to cure.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">While current treatments involving direct drug administration into the bladder show good survival rates, their therapeutic efficacy remains low. A promising alternative involves the use of nanoparticles capable of delivering therapeutic agents directly to the tumour. In particular, nanorobots—nanoparticles endowed with the ability to self-propel within the body—are noteworthy.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Now, a study published in the prestigious journal <em>Nature Nanotechnology</em> reveals how a research team successfully reduced the size of bladder tumours in mice by 90% through a single dose of urea-powered nanorobots.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">These tiny nanomachines consist of a porous sphere made of silica. Their surfaces carry various components with specific functions. Among them is the enzyme urease, a protein that reacts with urea found in urine, enabling the nanoparticle to propel itself. Another crucial component is radioactive iodine, a radioisotope commonly used for the localized treatment of tumours.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The research, led by the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and CIC biomaGUNE in collaboration with the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) and the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), paves the way for innovative bladder cancer treatments. These advancements aim to reduce the length of hospitalization, thereby implying lower costs and enhanced comfort for patients.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>“With a single dose, we observed a 90% decrease in tumour volume. This is significantly more efficient given that that patients with this type of tumour typically have 6 to 14 hospital appointments with current treatments. Such a treatment approach would enhance efficiency, reducing the length of hospitalization and treatment costs,”</strong> explains Samuel Sánchez, ICREA research professor at IBEC and leader of the study.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The next step, which is already underway, is to determine whether these tumours recur after treatment.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>A fantastic voyage into the bladder</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">In previous research, the scientists confirmed that the self-propulsion capacity of nanorobots allowed them to reach all bladder walls. This feature is advantageous compared to the current procedure where, after administering treatment directly into the bladder, the patient must change position every half hour to ensure that the drug reaches all the walls.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">This new study goes further by demonstrating not only the mobility of nanoparticles in the bladder but also their specific accumulation in the tumour. This achievement was made possible by various techniques, including medical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the mice, as well as microscopy images of the tissues removed after completion of the study. The latter were captured using a fluorescence microscopy system developed specifically for this project at IRB Barcelona. The system scans the different layers of the bladder and provides a 3D reconstruction, thereby enabling observation of the entire organ.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>“The innovative optical system that we have developed enabled us to eliminate the light reflected by the tumour itself, allowing us to identify and locate nanoparticles throughout the organ without prior labelling, at an unprecedented resolution. We observed that the nanorobots not only reached the tumour but also entered it, thereby enhancing the action of the radiopharmaceutical,”</strong> explains Julien Colombelli, leader of the Advanced Digital Microscopy platform at IRB Barcelona.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Deciphering why nanorobots can enter the tumour posed a challenge. Nanorobots lack specific antibodies to recognise the tumour, and tumour tissue is typically stiffer than healthy tissue.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>“However, we observed that these nanorobots can break down the extracellular matrix of the tumour by locally increasing the pH through a self-propelling chemical reaction. This phenomenon favoured greater tumour penetration and was beneficial in achieving preferential accumulation in the tumour,”</strong> explains Meritxell Serra Casablancas, co-first author of the study and IBEC researcher.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Thus, the scientists concluded that the nanorobots collide with the urothelium as if it were a wall, but in the tumour, which is spongier, they penetrate the tumour and accumulate inside. A key factor is the mobility of the nanobots, which increases the likelihood of reaching the tumour.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">In addition, according to Jordi Llop, a researcher at CIC biomaGUNE and co-leader of the study, <strong>“The localized administration of the nanorobots carrying the radioisotope reduces the probability of generating adverse effects, and the high accumulation in the tumour tissue favours the radiotherapeutic effect.”</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>“The results of this study open the door to the use of other radioisotopes with a greater capacity to induce therapeutic effects but whose use is restricted when administered systemically,”</strong> adds Cristina Simó, co-first author of the study.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Years of work and a spin-off</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The study consolidates the results of over three years of collaborative efforts between various institutions. Part of the data stems from the doctoral theses of Meritxell Serra and Ana Hortelao, both researchers in IBEC’s Smart nano-bio-devices group, led by Sánchez. It also includes the thesis of Cristina Simó, co-first author of the study, who conducted her predoctoral research in the Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging Lab led by Jordi Llop at CIC biomaGUNE. The expertise of Esther Julián´s group at the UAB in the animal model of the disease is an additional contribution. Moreover, the project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) and the” la Caixa” Foundation.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The technology underlying these nanorobots, which Samuel Sánchez and his team have been developing for over seven years, has recently been patented and serves as the foundation for Nanobots Therapeutics, a spin-off of IBEC and ICREA established in January 2023.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The company, founded by Sánchez, acts as a bridge between research and clinical application: <strong>“Securing robust funding for the spin-off is crucial to continue advancing this technology and, if all goes well, bring it to market and society. In June, just 5 months after the creation of Nanobots Tx, we successfully closed the first round of funding, and we are enthusiastic about the future,”</strong> highlights Sanchez.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><strong>Technological innovation in microscopy to locate nanorobots</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Working with nanorobots has posed a significant scientific challenge in bioimaging techniques for visualizing these elements in tissues and the tumour itself. Common non-invasive clinical techniques, such as PET, lack the necessary resolution to locate these very small particles at a microscopic level. Therefore, the Scientific Microscopy Platform at IRB Barcelona employed a microscopy technique using a sheet of laser light to illuminate samples, allowing the acquisition of 3D images through light scattering upon interaction with tissues and particles.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Upon observation that the tumour itself scattered part of the light, generating interference, the scientists developed a new technique based on polarized light that cancels out all scattering from the tumour tissue and cells. This innovation enables the visualization and location of nanorobots without the need for prior tagging with molecular techniques.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Nature Nanotechnology</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1038/s41565-023-01577-y</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<p>Animals</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Radionuclide therapy with accumulated urease-powered nanobots reduces bladder tumor size in an orthotopic murine model</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>15-Jan-2024</p>
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<h4>COI Statement</h4>
<p>Samuel Sánchez is founder of the spin-off Nanobots Therapeutics S.L. J. L. is member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Starget Pharma and Advisor of t he spin-off Nanobots Therapeutics S.L</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-7527129474843630862024-01-14T19:54:00.001+01:002024-01-14T19:54:36.242+01:00Advances in NSCLC Treatment – Overcoming Osimertinib Resistance and Exploring the Potential of Amivantamab and Lazertinib<h2>Advances in NSCLC Treatment – Overcoming Osimertinib Resistance and Exploring the Potential of Amivantamab and Lazertinib</h2>
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<p>In the ever-evolving landscape of cancer treatment, recent breakthroughs in the fight against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have brought new hope to patients and clinicians alike. At the forefront of these advancements is the remarkable progress in understanding and targeting mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which are among the most common drivers of this cancer type. Predominantly, two mutations, exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R mutations, account for approximately 85-90% of EGFR mutations in NSCLC. This deepened understanding has paved the way for the development and implementation of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a class of targeted therapies that have significantly altered the treatment landscape. Demonstrating impressive response rates of 60-80%, these TKIs have been instrumental in improving clinical outcomes for patients.<span id="more-219304"></span></p>
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?ssl=1"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&ssl=1" alt="" width="1024" height="687" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-219305" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?resize=1024%2C687&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?resize=300%2C201&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?resize=768%2C515&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?resize=750%2C503&ssl=1 750w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Advances-in-NSCLC-Treatment-Overcoming-Osimertinib-Resistance-and-Exploring-the-Potential-of-Amivantamab-and-Lazertinib.jpg?w=1132&ssl=1 1132w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a></p>
<p>Leading the charge in this new era of personalized medicine is Osimertinib, a third-generation EGFR TKI. Currently established as the standard of care for NSCLC patients harboring ex19del and L858R mutations, Osimertinib has shown remarkable efficacy, with a median progression-free survival of 18.9 months and overall survival reaching 38.6 months. However, the journey doesn’t end here. Despite the initial effective control of the disease, resistance to Osimertinib inevitably develops in nearly all cases, posing a significant challenge in the ongoing battle against NSCLC. In response, the latest research has shifted focus towards exploring combinations of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and anti-angiogenic therapy, offering a beacon of hope for patients who experience relapse post-Osimertinib treatment. This pursuit highlights the continuous effort in the medical community to not only extend life but also improve the quality of life for patients battling NSCLC.</p>
<p>Delving deeper into the complexities of osimertinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Through the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and tumor samples from patients who have progressed on osimertinib, researchers have been able to categorize the resistance mechanisms into two main types: EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent. EGFR-dependent resistance involves alterations that prevent osimertinib from effectively inhibiting the EGFR, while EGFR-independent resistance is characterized by the activation of alternative signaling pathways or cellular reprogramming, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and histologic transformations.</p>
<p>The most common EGFR-dependent resistance mechanism is the C797S mutation in the EGFR gene, which inhibits osimertinib’s ability to bind to the ATP binding site in the kinase domain. Other identified EGFR-dependent mechanisms include mutations like L792X, G796X, L718Q, and EGFR amplification. On the other hand, the most frequently reported EGFR-independent mechanism is MET amplification. Additional mechanisms include activation of pathways like mitogen-activated protein kinase or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, as well as gene fusions and histologic transformations. Notably, in about half of the cases experiencing progression on osimertinib, no clear mechanism of resistance has been pinpointed.</p>
<p>The challenge of overcoming osimertinib resistance is compounded by the heterogeneous nature of these resistance patterns, which can even vary within a single patient. The mechanism of resistance also appears to be influenced by whether the disease progression occurred in a first-line or second-line treatment setting (after initial EGFR TKI therapy, particularly in T790M mutation-positive cases). Considering the complexity of these resistance patterns, coupled with the limited response of this patient population to immuno-oncology (IO) monotherapy and the absence of approved targeted therapies post-osimertinib, current treatment guidelines predominantly recommend platinum-based chemotherapy regimens for patients following osimertinib progression. This recommendation underscores the ongoing need for innovative and effective treatment strategies in the management of NSCLC.</p>
<p>In the quest to enhance treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), amivantamab, a novel bispecific antibody, has emerged as a significant player. This groundbreaking therapy targets two key receptors, EGFR and MET, by binding to them and inhibiting ligand binding. This process leads to a decrease in cell surface receptors and triggers both trogocytosis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, making amivantamab a multifaceted weapon against cancer. Its effectiveness spans a range of EGFR-driven and MET-driven NSCLC cases, displaying anti-tumor activity with a safety profile that is generally well tolerated by patients. Amivantamab has gained approval for treating NSCLC patients with specific EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations who have seen disease progression after platinum-based chemotherapy.</p>
<p>Amivantamab’s unique mode of action, binding to the extracellular parts of receptors, complements EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) by targeting both the external and internal domains of EGFR. This dual approach has shown promising results in preclinical studies, notably in the H1975-HGF murine xenograft model. In these studies, combining amivantamab with lazertinib, a potent, brain-penetrating third-generation EGFR TKI, led to greater tumor reduction and more sustained disease control compared to using either treatment alone. This synergy is particularly notable as lazertinib is effective against both activating EGFR mutations and the resistant T790M mutation.</p>
<p>Building on these encouraging results, the CHRYSALIS study is currently underway, investigating the combined use of amivantamab and lazertinib. This trial focuses on patients with metastatic NSCLC exhibiting EGFR ex19del or L858R mutations who have progressed following treatment with osimertinib or another third-generation EGFR TKI, but have not yet received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the metastatic setting.</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-72648104951629858532024-01-14T18:54:00.001+01:002024-01-14T18:54:33.158+01:00CA 15-3 and CEA Tumor Markers Used in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cancer<h2>CA 15-3 and CEA Tumor Markers Used in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cancer</h2>
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<p>CA 15-3 is an epitope of the MUC1 glycoprotein. MUC1 is a transmembrane mucosa-associated glycoprotein and contains a large extracellular domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular portion of MUC1 consists of numerous tandemly repeating peptide sequences. These repeats lead to a long and protruding structure of the protein and form a tight mucous layer on the surface of epithelial cells.<span id="more-219284"></span></p>
<p><a href="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?ssl=1"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?resize=912%2C627&ssl=1" alt="" width="912" height="627" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-219285" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?w=912&ssl=1 912w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?resize=300%2C206&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?resize=225%2C155&ssl=1 225w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?resize=768%2C528&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/blood_test_cea_ca_15_3.jpg?resize=750%2C516&ssl=1 750w" sizes="(max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px" data-recalc-dims="1" /></a></p>
<p>These tandem repeats are peptide sequences, each about 20 amino acids long and usually rich in proline, threonine and serine. They are also rich in O-glycosylation sites, meaning that various sugar molecules are attached to the serine and threonine residues of these repeats. This glycosylation greatly affects the biological properties of MUC1 and contributes to the hydrophilic nature of this molecule.</p>
<p>CA 15-3 is an epitope that is part of these tandem repeats and binds specifically to MUC1. This antibody binds to a specific amino acid sequence of the MUC1 protein and this binding is used for the quantitative measurement of CA 15-3. Abnormal glycosylation of the MUC1 protein leads to this protein playing an important role in cancer biology and metastasis. Abnormal MUC1 can alter cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, decrease cell adhesion and increase the metastatic potential of cells.</p>
<p>Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) is a molecule that plays an important role in cancer biology and diagnosis. It is encoded by a gene belonging to the CEACAM family located on chromosome 19 in the human genome and this family contains a number of similar genes and pseudogenes, which also contributes to the genetic diversity of the protein. CEA is a transmembrane glycoprotein and contains a large extracellular portion, a transmembrane portion and a small cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular portion consists of many immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, which play important roles in intercellular adhesion and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, this part is heavily glycosylated, i.e. a large number of sugar molecules are added, which increases the solubility and circulating stability of the protein.</p>
<p>The cell membrane-integrated transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail of CEA interact with intracellular signalling pathways. However, the shortness of the cytoplasmic tail indicates that this protein plays a limited role in intracellular signalling. CEA has several isoforms through alternative sequence splicing and these isoforms allow the protein to show different functions in different cell types and tissue environments. Some CEA isoforms are soluble and circulate freely in serum. Normally expressed at low levels, CEA can increase to excessive levels in various types of cancer and is released into the bloodstream in free form. This allows CEA to be used clinically as a tumour marker.</p>
<p>For these reasons, the use of CA 15-3 and CEA tumour markers is quite common in cancer diagnosis and treatment. These markers play a critical role, particularly in the early detection of metastatic disease and early detection of recurrence. During follow-up, levels of these markers can detect recurrences 40-60 per cent of the time, before clinical or radiological evidence of disease, and are effective in tracing disease 2 to 18 months in advance. Measuring both serum markers together allows early detection of metastasis in approximately 60-80 per cent of patients.</p>
<p>Elevated levels of CA 15-3 and CEA are most commonly observed in luminal subtypes, whereas this increase is lower in HER2-enriched and triple negative (TN) subtypes. The relationship between metastatic location and tumour marker levels affects the rate of change of the relevant marker. Increased CA 15-3 levels are more commonly observed in patients with exon 19 mutations, typically accompanying bone metastases, liver metastases, and pleural effusions. A significant increase in CA 15-3 levels is observed in patients with multiple metastases, reflecting tumour burden. Elevated CEA levels are observed regardless of the site of metastasis.</p>
<p>In the light of this information, we can conclude that the use of CA 15-3 and CEA in clinical practice has an important place in the management of cancer patients. The levels of these markers are critical for early diagnosis, follow-up and evaluation of response to treatment. Especially in determining the location and number of metastases, the measurement of these markers can play an important role in understanding the course of the disease and determining appropriate treatment strategies.</p>
<p>Careful monitoring of the levels of CA 15-3 and CEA markers is of great importance in the management of cancer patients and in determining treatment plans, and may contribute to improving the quality of life of patients. Continued research in these areas will enable the development of more effective approaches in cancer treatment.</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-55650684532172068652024-01-12T05:54:00.001+01:002024-01-12T05:54:20.427+01:00HKUST researchers develop a versatile, reconfigurable, and damage-tolerant single-wire sensor array<h2>HKUST researchers develop a versatile, reconfigurable, and damage-tolerant single-wire sensor array</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Researchers from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) have developed a sensor array design technology inspired by the human auditory system. By mimicking the human ear’s ability to distinguish sounds through tonotopy, this innovative sensor array approach could optimize the application of sensor arrays in fields such as robotics, aviation, healthcare, and industrial machinery.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/HKUST-researchers-develop-a-versatile-reconfigurable-and-damage-tolerant-single-wire-sensor.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Figure 1 Comparison of sensor array schemes, fabricated 10 × 10 nonstretchable pressure sensor array and multimodal pressure-temperature sensor array prototypes." data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: HKUST</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Researchers from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) have developed a sensor array design technology inspired by the human auditory system. By mimicking the human ear’s ability to distinguish sounds through tonotopy, this innovative sensor array approach could optimize the application of sensor arrays in fields such as robotics, aviation, healthcare, and industrial machinery.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Traditional sensor arrays face challenges such as complex wiring, limited reconfigurability, and low damage resistance. The design developed by the HKUST team, led by Associate Professor YANG Zhengbao from the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, addresses these challenges by assigning a unique frequency to each sensor unit and using the sensor unit signal to modulate the amplitude of the frequency signal, similar to the distinct frequencies processed by hair cells in the human cochlea.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">These amplitude-modulated signals of different frequencies are then superimposed onto a single conductor, and a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm is finally used to decipher the individual signals. This design allows the reduction of a large number of output wires from the conventional row-column setup to a single wire, without sacrificing functionality. This innovative method allows the decoding system to process information from all sensor units simultaneously, which is a stark contrast to the existing implementation of time-division multiplexing for sensor array decoding.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The research team leverages a redundancy design in the sensor connection network to ensure continuous operation, even when parts of the array’s connection network are damaged. This design feature is inspired by the multiple synaptic connections between hair cells in the internal ear and neurons, providing a backup should one pathway fail. This redundant design not only enhances the system’s damage tolerance but also enables greater reconfigurability, a feature that is particularly useful in rapidly changing environments such as responsive robotics or adaptable wearable devices. The Lego-style modular design could also lead to cost savings in maintenance, as it is easier to repair than traditional multi-wire sensor arrays.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The proposed sensor array technology offers a multitude of potential applications. Its flexibility and robustness make it ideally suited for integration into curved surfaces and operation in harsh environments. It can adapt to the shape and multimodal sensing requirements of the surface while providing real-time data. In practical terms, the team has demonstrated the sensor array’s functionality in two primary applications—a pressure sensor array and a pressure-temperature multimodal sensor array. The latter is particularly noteworthy for its potential to monitor critical parameters in medical prosthetics, thereby enhancing comfort and safety for users. The team has also underscored the technology’s potential for monitoring strain distribution in airplane wings, which could contribute to the development of safer and more fuel-efficient aircraft.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">Despite its many advantages, this sensor array design does encounter some limitations. The number of sensor units in the array is constrained by the operational bandwidth of the circuits, and the potential for miniaturization is limited by the size of the off-the-shelf electronic components required for each sensor unit. Looking ahead, the HKUST team aims to further simplify the sensor array’s design and seek commercial partnerships to bring this technology to the market.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The team’s findings, realized in collaboration with City University of Hong Kong, were recently published in the journal <em>Science Advances</em> in an article titled “One-wire reconfigurable and damage-tolerant sensor matrix inspired by the auditory tonotopy.” Dr. LONG Zhihe and Mr. LIN Weikang are the first authors of this work.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Science Advances</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1126/sciadv.adi6633</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<p>Not applicable</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>One-wire reconfigurable and damage-tolerant sensor matrix inspired by the auditory tonotopy</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>29-Nov-2023</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-72626261736016986202024-01-12T03:54:00.003+01:002024-01-12T03:54:44.346+01:00Two common biomarkers predict heart risk in asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors<h2>Two common biomarkers predict heart risk in asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors</h2>
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<p>(MEMPHIS, Tenn. – January 11, 2024) Data from the St. Jude lifetime cohort study (St. Jude LIFE) revealed that two common biomarkers of cardiac function and damage could better predict cardiomyopathy within five years than routine clinical evaluations in high-risk, asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors. Early detection through screening using these two biomarkers may lead to earlier treatment to prevent and protect against further heart damage. The findings were published today in the <em>Journal of Clinical Oncology</em>. </p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Two-common-biomarkers-predict-heart-risk-in-asymptomatic-childhood-cancer.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Two common biomarkers predict heart risk in asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital</p>
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<p>(MEMPHIS, Tenn. – January 11, 2024) Data from the St. Jude lifetime cohort study (St. Jude LIFE) revealed that two common biomarkers of cardiac function and damage could better predict cardiomyopathy within five years than routine clinical evaluations in high-risk, asymptomatic childhood cancer survivors. Early detection through screening using these two biomarkers may lead to earlier treatment to prevent and protect against further heart damage. The findings were published today in the <em>Journal of Clinical Oncology</em>. </p>
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<p>Cardiomyopathy is often asymptomatic at onset and thus “invisible” to routine clinical evaluations. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital scientists found that two common biomarkers, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), could identify survivors with otherwise normal appearing heart function who are at elevated risk of decline in heart muscle function. </p>
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<p>“This may be a much more sensitive way to identify childhood cancer survivors that might benefit from intervention at an earlier stage,” said first and corresponding author Matthew Ehrhardt, MD, MS, St. Jude Department of Oncology. “We were somewhat surprised by the magnitude of risk for declining heart function over such a relatively short period in individuals with abnormal GLS and NT-proBNP, suggesting a need for early and effective interventions that we hope will prevent progression to heart failure over time.” </p>
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<p>The results showed an increase in predicting asymptomatic heart damage in patients treated with potent anthracycline chemotherapy drugs, such as doxorubicin. The study found that these biomarkers did not improve prediction models in patients who only received radiation. This knowledge may help physicians limit testing to only anthracycline-exposed survivors, saving time and resources while maximizing utility. </p>
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<p>“This means doing more for patients at greatest risk while avoiding unnecessary tests for patients who will not benefit from them,” Ehrhardt said. </p>
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<p><strong>Two signs point to invisible heart problems </strong></p>
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<p>The key to helping survivors with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy is to detect dysfunction early. Cardiac function is typically assessed using echocardiograms, which look at the volume of blood pumped through part of the heart. The most common measure of that volume is called left ventricular ejection fraction. Many childhood cancer survivors appear to have a normal ejection fraction, only to later develop cardiomyopathy. Findings showed that even in survivors with normal ejection fraction, abnormal GLS and NT-proBNP improved the ability to predict cardiomyopathy risk. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>“A survivor with a normal ejection fraction at baseline with abnormal ranges of both biomarkers was at a fourfold increased risk for a worsening ejection fraction in the next five years,” Ehrhardt said. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>GLS is an additional measure of heart function obtained from an echocardiogram. GLS is more sensitive for detecting cardiac muscle injury than the traditionally reported ejection fraction. It is a software-derived mathematical estimation of the heart muscle fibers’ ability to contract, rather than the more rudimentary measure of ejection fraction, or blood volume pumped at a specific time. An institution that performs echocardiograms to measure ejection fraction can theoretically also routinely measure GLS. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>NT-proBNP is a serum biomarker, a chemical released into the bloodstream in greater quantities when the heart is injured or overworked. It is frequently used in adult cardiac patients to identify potential heart injury and is thus widely available, though its application in pediatric oncology is relatively novel. </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Practical measures to predict and protect the heart earlier </strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“One of the promising aspects of our findings is that both of these measures are readily available and, therefore, have the potential to impact care more immediately. Most cardiologists are already using GLS,” Ehrhardt said, “and NT-proBNP has been around for a long time.” </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Together, these two common and easy-to-implement measures may help identify survivors at elevated risk of cardiomyopathy earlier, leading to earlier therapeutic interventions. Early detection helps protect against cardiac damage in adults with other diseases; it may extend the same benefits to childhood cancer survivors. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The exciting part of this study is that it potentially helps to identify a population that we would have otherwise looked at and said, ‘You’re at risk for abnormal heart function, but everything looks good today. We’ll reevaluate your heart in two to five years,’” Ehrhardt said. “Whereas now we have reason to believe those with abnormal biomarkers are a particularly high-risk group that may benefit from closer follow-up or more proactive interventions to reduce risk. The findings set the stage for future studies evaluating novel screening and early intervention strategies that we hope will ultimately improve survivors’ cardiac health and well-being.” </p>
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<p><strong>Authors and funding </strong></p>
<p>The study’s other authors are Qi Liu, University of Alberta; Isaac B. Rhea, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Daniel Mulrooney, Stephanie Dixon, John Lucas, Yadav Sapkota, Kyla Shelton, Kirsten Ness, Deo Kumar Srivastava, Aaron McDonald, Leslie Robison, Melissa Hudson, Yutaka Yasui and Gregory Armstrong, of St. Jude. </p>
<p> </p>
<p>The study was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (Cancer Center Support (CORE) grant (P30CA21765), U01CA195547 and R01CA216354) and ALSAC, the fundraising and awareness organization of St. Jude. </p>
<p>St. Jude Media Relations Contacts </p>
<p>Chelsea Bryant </p>
<p>Cell: (256) 244-2048</p>
<p>Desk: (901) 595-0564 </p>
<p>chelsea.bryant@stjude.org </p>
<p>media@stjude.org </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Rae Lyn Hartley </p>
<p>Cell: (901) 686-2597 </p>
<p>raelyn.hartley@stjude.org </p>
<p>media@stjude.org </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital </strong></p>
<p>St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital is leading the way the world understands, treats and cures childhood cancer, sickle cell disease and other life-threatening disorders. It is the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children. Treatments developed at St. Jude have helped push the overall childhood cancer survival rate from 20% to 80% since the hospital opened more than 60 years ago. St. Jude shares the breakthroughs it makes to help doctors and researchers at local hospitals and cancer centers around the world improve the quality of treatment and care for even more children. To learn more, visit stjude.org, read St. Jude Progress blog, and follow St. Jude on social media at <a href="https://twitter.com/stjuderesearch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@stjuderesearch</a>. </p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Journal of Clinical Oncology</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1200/JCO.23.01796</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>11-Jan-2024</p>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-74449236357869759362024-01-12T03:54:00.001+01:002024-01-12T03:54:43.687+01:00Team explores role of STING – stimulator of interferon genes – in body’s innate immune system<h2>Team explores role of STING – stimulator of interferon genes – in body’s innate immune system</h2>
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<p style="text-align:start">When pathogens attack the body, the innate immune system goes to work protecting against the invading disease. The innate immune system is the first line of defense. It detects precisely what the virus or bacteria is and then activates the proteins that fight the pathogens. Wanting to better understand how the body’s innate immune system works, a team of scientists undertook a study of STING, a protein that plays a vital role in innate immunity.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Team-explores-role-of-STING-%E2%80%93-stimulator-of-interferon-genes.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="STING clustering at the TGN" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Institute for Glyco-core Research</p>
<div class="entry">
<p style="text-align:start">When pathogens attack the body, the innate immune system goes to work protecting against the invading disease. The innate immune system is the first line of defense. It detects precisely what the virus or bacteria is and then activates the proteins that fight the pathogens. Wanting to better understand how the body’s innate immune system works, a team of scientists undertook a study of STING, a protein that plays a vital role in innate immunity.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">The team provides quantitative results, showing how STING, an acronym for stimulator of interferon genes, works in innate immune signaling. </p>
<p style="text-align:start">Their work is published in the journal <em>Nature Communications</em> on Jan 11<sup>th</sup>, 2024.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">Type I interferons are signaling proteins that respond when they detect the presence of viruses. They play an essential role in the body’s immune system, communicating between cells as they fight against pathogens. STING is critical for the type I interferon response to pathogen- or self-derived DNA in the cytosol, the fluid portion of a cell. While STING plays an important role in the body’s successful protection against infections, dysregulated STING activity leads to the excessive production of inflammatory mediators that can have a detrimental effect on surrounding cells and tissues. Recent studies have made the connection between STING and a number of autoinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">“STING was discovered as a protein that induces innate immune signals in response to virus-derived non-self DNA. The STING innate immune response has recently been reported to play an important role in cancer immune responses and to contribute to inflammatory pathologies in aging, autoinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a highly attractive target for disease therapy,” said Kenichi G.N. Suzuki, a professor at the Institute for Glyco-core Research, Gifu University and a chief at the Division of Advanced Bioimaging, National Cancer Center Research Institute.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">Research suggests that STING may function as a scaffold to activate the TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). TBK1 is a signaling molecule that is activated by receptors when a viral infection occurs. Scaffold proteins do the important job of regulating key signaling pathways. However, up to this point, scientists have lacked direct cellular evidence proving that STING activated the TBK1. </p>
<p style="text-align:start">To analyze the STING cluster, the research team used a live-cell imaging procedure called photoactivated localization microscopy or PALM. They performed this single-molecule imaging of STING with enhanced time resolutions down to 5 milliseconds. They determined that STING becomes clustered at the trans-Golgi network. The trans-Golgi network, or TGN, is a pathway in the body that directs proteins to the correct subcellular destination.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">The team also proved that STING palmitoylation facilitated the STING clustering.<em> </em>Palmitoylation describes a protein modification process in the body. This palmitoylation of STING is required for the cluster formation of STING at the TGN. The Golgi lipid order, along with STING palmitoylation, is essential for the STING signaling. The team examined the role of cholesterol, a lipid that plays an essential role in generating the lipid order in STING’s signaling and clustering.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">They used a cholesterol biosensor and an environmentally sensitive probe for lipid membranes, to further demonstrate that cholesterol plays a role in the palmitoylated STING-formed clusters that activate TBK1 at the TGN.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">The team specifically examined the formation of STING clusters as it relates to COPA syndrome. COPA syndrome is a disorder of immune dysregulation characterized by an increase in type I interferon-stimulated genes. This autoimmune disorder can impact multiple systems in the body.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">The team’s imaging of TBK1 revealed that the increase in the clustering enhances the association of TBK1. “We provide quantitative proof-of-principle for the signaling STING scaffold, reveal the mechanistic role of STING palmitoylation in the STING activation, and resolve the long-standing question of the requirement of STING translocation for triggering the innate immune signaling,” said Tomohiko Taguchi, a professor in the Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">Looking ahead, the team sees potential for this work helping the fight against disease. “In the present study, we showed that inhibition of cholesterol transport to TGN markedly suppressed the STING innate immune response. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is expected that reducing cholesterol levels will be a new tool to treat the diseases associated with STING inflammation,” said Suzuki.<br />
Haruka Kemmoku, Kanoko Takahashi, Kojiro Mukai, Yasunori Uchida, Yoshihiko Kuchitsu, and Tomohiko Taguchi<sup> </sup>from Tohoku University; Toshiki Mori, Koichiro M. Hirosawa, and Yasunari Yokota<sup> </sup>from Gifu University; Fumika Kiku<sup> </sup>and Hiroyuki Arai<sup> </sup>from the University of Tokyo; Yu Nishioka<sup> </sup>and Masaaki Sawa<sup> </sup>from Carna Biosciences, Inc.; Takuma Kishimoto<sup> </sup>and Kazuma Tanaka<sup> </sup>from Hokkaido University; and Kenichi G.N. Suzuki<sup> </sup>from Gifu University and the National Cancer Center, Tokyo. </p>
<p style="text-align:start">This work was funded by JSPS KAKENHI, JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists, AMED-PRIME, JST CREST, Subsidy for Interdisciplinary Study and Research concerning COVID-19 (Mitsubishi Foundation), National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund, Takeda Science Foundation, The Uehara Memorial Foundation, Mizutani Foundation for Glycoscience, Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science, Research Foundation for Opto-Science and Technology, The Naito Foundation, Grant for Basic Science Research Projects from the Sumitomo Foundation, SGH Cancer Research Grant, Research Grant of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund, and the Nagoya University CIBoG program from MEXT WISE program.</p>
<p style="text-align:start"> </p>
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<p style="text-align:start">About iGCORE:</p>
<p style="text-align:start">Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE) is a cutting-edge integrative glycoscience institute that brings together researchers from two universities – Nagoya University and Gifu University under the Tokai National Higher Education and Research System – with outstanding achievements in the fields of glycan synthesis, imaging, glycobiology, and glycomedicine. Through our research, iGCORE is committed to gaining a deeper understanding of the fundamental nature of life, ultimately paving the way for groundbreaking innovations in medicine, such as personalized prevention and early detection of pre-disease.</p>
<p style="text-align:start">About The National Cancer Center Research Institute:</p>
<p style="text-align:start">The National Cancer Center Research Institute is one of the largest cancer research institutions in Japan, with over 350 staff, including postgraduate students and research assistants. The Institute covers 20 research areas with 9 independent units, as well as the Fundamental Innovative Oncology Core, established as a common platform serving the entire Center. From highly original basic research to the development of therapeutic and diagnostic drugs, the Institute conducts a wide range of activities in collaboration with other units within the Center.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Nature Communications</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1038/s41467-023-44317-5</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<p>Single-molecule localization microscopy reveals STING clustering at the trans-Golgi network through palmitoylation-dependent accumulation of cholesterol</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>11-Jan-2024</p>
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<br />
from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-70511149076627695732024-01-12T01:54:00.001+01:002024-01-12T01:54:09.884+01:00New Antarctic research shows that Adélie penguins must balance the benefits and costs of riding on sea ice during their long-distance migration<h2>New Antarctic research shows that Adélie penguins must balance the benefits and costs of riding on sea ice during their long-distance migration</h2>
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<p>Petaluma, CA–Newly published research by Petaluma-based non-profit, Point Blue Conservation Science, shows how Adélie penguins within the Ross Sea, Antarctica use sea ice in their annual migrations. The results were published in the journal <em>Ecology</em>, a publication of the Ecological Society of America. </p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/New-Antarctic-research-shows-that-Adelie-penguins-must-balance-the.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Adelie Penguins on seasonal sea ice in Antarctica" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Point Blue/Dennis Jongsomjit</p>
<div class="entry">
<p>Petaluma, CA–Newly published research by Petaluma-based non-profit, Point Blue Conservation Science, shows how Adélie penguins within the Ross Sea, Antarctica use sea ice in their annual migrations. The results were published in the journal <em>Ecology</em>, a publication of the Ecological Society of America. </p>
<p>Adélie penguins, though flightless, can undertake extraordinary migrations like their flying relatives, traveling thousands of kilometers out to sea from their on-land breeding colonies in Antarctica, tracking daylight and food during the long Antarctic winter. Many other species are known to use wind or ocean currents to help them save energy as they travel but, until now, relatively little has been known about if and how Adélies might use the movement of sea ice to support their travels. Understanding this interaction can provide new ecological and conservation insights, especially as long-term monitoring has revealed record low levels of sea-ice extent and concentration in Antarctica and within the Ross Sea over the last 10 years.</p>
<p>Point Blue has studied Adélie penguins on Ross Island, Antarctica since 1996. Recent advances in the miniaturization of electronic tags allowed researchers to track the winter movements of 87 individuals across 146 trips spanning 3 years</p>
<p>Point Blue’s Dennis Jongsomjit, lead author of the study noted that “Combining these new tracking tags with remotely sensed satellite data of sea-ice movement meant that we were able to investigate in greater detail than we’ve ever done before if and how Adélie penguins interacted with sea ice.”</p>
<p>Key results from the study included:</p>
<ul>
<li>Adélie penguins traveled greater distances when they received more support from the moving sea ice.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Penguins can also be impeded by sea-ice, with slower traveling speeds when they move against the prevailing ice drift.</li>
<li>As ice speeds increased, penguins were found further north, indicating a need to balance the benefits and costs of riding on ice floes.</li>
<li>Variation and changes in the movement of sea ice may serve as a mechanism impacting adult survival and reproductive success, helping drive population trajectories on Ross Island.</li>
</ul>
<p>The study also underscores the interconnectedness of various species in the Southern Ocean, with ocean and sea ice currents influencing not just penguins but also the life history of other species they interact with, like krill, silverfish, and Antarctic toothfish. </p>
<p>“As climate change alters sea ice patterns,” Jongsomjit added, “it could impact the energetic costs of migration, breeding success, and population dynamics of Adélie penguins, as well as the overall ecology within one of the most pristine ecosystems on Earth.”</p>
<p>The paper was published in the peer-reviewed journal <em>Ecology</em> with the title: “Going with the floe: Sea‐ice movement affects distance and destination during Adélie penguin winter movements.” The paper can be found at: <u>https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4196</u>. </p>
<p style="text-align:center">###</p>
<p><strong>About Point Blue Conservation Science:</strong></p>
<p>Point Blue advances conservation of birds, other wildlife and ecosystems through science, partnerships, and outreach. Our highest priority is to reduce the impacts of habitat loss, climate change, and other environmental threats while promoting nature-based solutions for wildlife and people, on land and at sea. Visit Point Blue at <u>www.pointblue.org</u>.</p>
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<h4>Journal</h4>
<p>Ecology</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1002/ecy.4196</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Observational study</p>
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<h4>Subject of Research</h4>
<p>Animals</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>Going with the floe: Sea‐ice movement affects distance and destination during Adélie penguin winter movements.</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>7-Jan-2024</p>
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<br />
<br />
from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-66649060808589468132024-01-11T04:54:00.001+01:002024-01-11T04:54:46.398+01:00A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection strategy<h2>A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection strategy</h2>
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<p style="text-align:justify">Exploring advanced combustion mode with high efficiency and low emissions has been the dream of successive generations of researchers. Conventional diesel engines have high compression ratios thus with thermal efficiencies of 35%–45%, but the diffusion combustion</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/A-methodology-for-regulating-fuel-stratification-and-improving-fuel-economy.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Schematic of experimental setup" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS</p>
<div class="entry">
<p style="text-align:justify">Exploring advanced combustion mode with high efficiency and low emissions has been the dream of successive generations of researchers. Conventional diesel engines have high compression ratios thus with thermal efficiencies of 35%–45%, but the diffusion combustion</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">characteristics of diesel make NO<em><sub><em>x</em></sub></em> and soot emissions high. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is an advanced combustion mode in the field of internal combustion engines, which combines the advantages of the high efficiency of diesel engines and the low emissions of gasoline engines. Although the GCI mode can achieve a high efficiency while maintaining low NO<em><sub><em>x</em></sub></em> and soot emissions, the GCI combustion still faces problems such as high maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) and combustion deterioration at high loads.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify">A research group of Yong QIAN from Shanghai Jiao Tong University proposes a new methodology to improve the problems of high MPRR and combustion deterioration of the GCI mode at high loads. The new methodology called double main-injection (DMI) strategy was that two direct injectors were used for the simultaneously main-injection. By comparing DMI strategy with the single main-injection (SMI) strategy and conventional diesel combustion at high loads, they found that ① the simultaneous main-injection of the two direct injectors can achieve a rapid fuel supply and control of fuel stratification in the DMI mode, ② exhaust gas recirculation has a significant effect on the combustion and emissions of the DMI mode, ③ the DMI strategy achieves a highly efficient and stable combustion of the GCI mode, ④ the DMI strategy can alleviate the requirement of the GCI</p>
<p style="text-align:justify">mode on injection pressure and improve the problems of high MPRR and combustion deterioration.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="text-align:justify">The proposed new methodology-DMI strategy can improve the fuel economy and reduce MPRR at high loads, and it is of great significance to GCI mode. These findings were published in <em>Frontiers in Energy</em> on Jan. 10, 2023.</p>
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<p>Frontiers in Energy</p>
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<h4>DOI</h4>
<p>10.1007/s11708-022-0859-z</p>
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<h4>Method of Research</h4>
<p>Experimental study</p>
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<h4>Subject of Research</h4>
<p>Not applicable</p>
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<h4>Article Title</h4>
<p>A methodology for regulating fuel stratification and improving fuel economy of GCI mode via double main-injection strategy</p>
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<h4>Article Publication Date</h4>
<p>16-Jan-2023</p>
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</div>
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<br />
<br />
from BIOENGINEER.ORG<br />
Ein Nutzer des TJ-Portals, der über 10 Jahre Erfahrung auf den Finanzmärkten verfügt, erklärte ausführlich, warum Forex-Händler von Natur aus betrügerisch sind.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15999273296841332041noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8510685111530532868.post-17342843350149076712024-01-11T00:54:00.005+01:002024-01-11T00:54:37.046+01:00Personalizing lifestyle interventions for cancer survivors<h2>Personalizing lifestyle interventions for cancer survivors</h2>
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<p><strong>MIAMI, FLORIDA (Jan. 10, 2024)</strong> – Researchers with <strong>Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center</strong> at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine have received funding to better understand how personalized nutrition and exercise programs can improve quality of life after cancer treatment.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/bioengineer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Personalizing-lifestyle-interventions-for-cancer-survivors.jpeg?ssl=1" alt="Dr. Tracy Crane" data-recalc-dims="1" /></p>
<p class="credit">Credit: Photo by Sylvester</p>
<div class="entry">
<p><strong>MIAMI, FLORIDA (Jan. 10, 2024)</strong> – Researchers with <strong>Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center</strong> at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine have received funding to better understand how personalized nutrition and exercise programs can improve quality of life after cancer treatment.</p>
<p>The three-year, approximately $700,000 grant from the Applebaum Foundation with added support by Sylvester, will fund the On Precision Oncology Interventions in Nutrition and Training (OnPOINT) clinical study to develop individualized diet and activity programs for cancer survivors with complex needs.</p>
<p>“Initially, the study will focus on adults treated for breast, prostate and colorectal cancers,” said multiple principal investigator <strong>Tracy E. Crane, PhD, RDN</strong>, co-lead of Cancer Control and director of lifestyle medicine, prevention and digital health at Sylvester. “Those are the three most common cancer types among U.S. survivors today.” </p>
<p>According to the <strong>National Cancer Institute (NCI)</strong>, breast, prostate and colorectal cancer patients represent more than half of all cancer survivors – about 9 million people nationwide.</p>
<p><strong>Precision Interventions</strong></p>
<p>Sylvester researchers named the trial OnPOINT because of its focus on individualized plans. While all study patients will participate in an eight-week diet and exercise program, the interventions will differ for survivors based on their needs, said co-investigator Paola Rossi, MD, clinical program director of lifestyle medicine at Sylvester. </p>
<p>“The Oncology field is moving toward the delivery of precise interventions – getting the right intervention at the right time, for the right patient,” she explained. “This study aims to do that with lifestyle strategies.”</p>
<p>Researchers will use data from 300 study recruits to develop and refine an algorithm that will help guide decision-making about precision lifestyle support. At baseline, researchers will evaluate patients’ physical fitness and diet using digital biometrics from wearable trackers, proven tests and self-reports of diet, exercise, sleeping habits and other activity. They’ll also assess survivors’ symptoms and quality of life to develop the interventions.</p>
<p>The algorithm will classify patients into one of three groups based on complexity, with varying intervention levels for each group. “For those whose needs fall into the high-complexity category, they will have one-on-one support with a dietitian and an exercise physiologist,” Crane explained. “Conversely, the low-complexity group may only need text-messaging support with a wearable device and journaling to keep on track.”</p>
<p>Researchers will reassess participants after eight weeks and again at six months.</p>
<p>“Our primary objective with this trial is to determine the feasibility of several approaches,” she continued. “We’re assessing wearable data and how it impacts clinical decision-making. “We’re assessing the algorithm. And we’re testing six different ways of delivering nutrition and exercise information.”</p>
<p><strong>Provider Feedback</strong></p>
<p>Another vital study component is learning what healthcare providers want to know about their patients and how involved they want to be with lifestyle modifications, Crane said. That’s where Sylvester’s proprietary My Wellness Research platform comes into play. It collects the data for researchers to transform into meaningful decision tools.</p>
<p>“We will create different visuals of patient-generated data in the electronic health record to obtain provider feedback on these presentations and what they think is most valuable to them,” Crane explained.</p>
<p>She added that there are plans to expand OnPoint study recruitment to include blood-cancer survivors.</p>
<p>“We are excited to offer this study and additional support for Sylvester patients,” Crane said. “It’s a big undertaking with a big goal to better predict where to focus interventions and services to help survivors live healthy, quality lives after cancer treatment.”</p>
<p>Read more about the study on the <strong>InventUM blog</strong> and follow <a href="https://twitter.com/SylvesterCancer"><strong>@SylvesterCancer</strong></a> for the latest in cancer research and care.</p>
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